Frequently asked questions

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1 Page 1 of 6 Frequently asked questions Distributions and rollovers from retirement accounts Choosing what to do with your retirement savings is an important decision. Tax implications are just one of several factors you should consider when making your decisions. Your RBC Wealth Management financial advisor is committed to helping you choose strategies and solutions to help you achieve your financial objectives. How are my distributions from an IRA or qualified retirement plan taxed? In general, distributions from a qualified retirement plan or IRA are taxable to you unless the liability can be deferred by means of a rollover to an IRA or to another retirement plan. What is a rollover? A rollover is a tax-free qualifying distribution to you of cash or other assets from one retirement plan that you contribute to another retirement plan. The contribution to the second retirement plan is called a rollover. This transaction is reported to the IRS. What is a qualifying rollover distribution? A qualifying rollover distribution is the combined taxable and after tax portions of a distribution paid from a qualified plan. Qualified plans include pension plans, profit-sharing plans, 401(k) plans, Thrift Savings Plans, ESOPs, and Keogh plans. Some types of plans, such as 403(b) plans and 457(b) plans sponsored by state and local governments are not qualified plans. Yet distributions paid from these plans are qualifying rollover distributions and may be therefore, eligible for roll over to an IRA. What types of distributions may not be rolled over into an IRA or other retirement plan? The following types of distributions are not qualifying rollover distributions: Required minimum distributions (taken annually beginning at age 70½); Installments made over a specified period of 10 years or more; Installments in a series of substantially equal periodic payments made over your life or life expectancies of you and your beneficiary, or a period of ten years or more; Any distribution that is made due to a hardship, or in the case of a Governmental 457(b) plan, any distribution on account of an unforeseeable emergency; Death distributions paid directly to non-spouse beneficiaries or Qualified Domestic Relations Order payments to a non-spouse alternate payee; The return of excess contributions, excess deferrals and excess aggregate contributions, together with the income allocable to these corrective distributions, under 401(k) plans; The cost of life insurance coverage; Deemed distributions upon the default of a participant loan; or Dividends paid on employer securities as described in Internal Revenue Code 404(k) How do I complete a rollover? There are two methods of moving a distribution from an employersponsored retirement plan to your IRA or other retirement savings plan: Direct rollover A distribution is rolled over directly from the plan to an IRA or a new employer s plan. Direct rollovers are often sent directly from one trustee/ custodian to the successor custodian. Alternatively, a check may be issued to you, but made payable to the successor custodian. This would also qualify as a direct rollover, since you are unable to negotiate the check. 60-day rollover You take personal receipt of the distribution and must complete the rollover within 60 calendar days to avoid current taxation. Under this option, if the funds are being distributed from an employersponsored qualified retirement plan, the employer is required to withhold 20% of the value of the total taxable distribution as federal income tax withholding. n-deposit investment products: t FDIC insured t bank guaranteed May lose value

2 Page 2 of 6 Please note, when you are doing a 60- day rollover between IRAs generally, if you make a rollover of any part of a distribution from a traditional IRA, you cannot, within a 12 month period, make a tax-free rollover of any later distribution from any IRA. The 12 month period begins on the date you receive the distribution, not on the date you roll it over into an IRA. What are the advantages of a direct rollover? A direct rollover avoids the mandatory tax withholding of 20% of the eligible rollover amount. You also eliminate the risk of missing the 60-day rollover deadline. What if I do not elect a direct rollover? If you do not elect a direct rollover, the employer must withhold 20% of the distribution and forward this amount to the IRS as a prepayment for any taxes owed for the year. The check you receive will be for 80% of the distribution. For example, if your account is valued at $100,000, $20,000 would be withheld, and you would receive $80,000. Can I still roll over the distribution? You may roll over the full value of the distribution within 60 calendar days. But you must replace the 20% that was withheld with money from other sources to avoid income taxes and possible penalties. If the withheld amount is not reimbursed and you roll over only the portion of the distribution you received (80%), the amount that was not rolled over must be included on your tax return as additional income subject to ordinary income tax. Plus, there may be a 10% penalty tax on this amount depending on your age. Can I roll over a retirement plan distribution into an existing IRA? You may roll over a distribution into an existing IRA or into a new IRA. Can I roll over only part of a distribution? You may roll over any part of a retirement plan distribution and keep the rest. The portion that is not rolled over may be subject to the 20% mandatory withholding, ordinary income tax and possible penalties in the year the distribution is paid. When can I get a distribution from my employer sponsored qualified retirement plan? Termination Generally you or your beneficiary will become entitled to receive benefit payments under a qualified plan when your employment is terminated by reason of retirement, disability, death or otherwise. rmal retirement age: You are entitled to a distribution at normal retirement age which is specified in your employer s plan document. However it must be the earlier of: The normal retirement age specified in the plan; or Whichever of the two following dates is later: The date you turn age 65; or The fifth anniversary of plan participation. Under some plans the early retirement age provision combines an age and a service requirement. In-service In-service distributions are made to participants while they are still employed. Such distributions are not permitted under pension plans (e.g., money purchase, target benefit, and defined benefit plans). Many profit sharing plans do, however, allow for in-service distributions. There are three basic in-service distribution provisions. They are: 24 month rule You may withdraw any contribution (but no interest earned thereon) which has been in the plan for a period of 24 months. 60 month rule After participating in the plan for 60 months, you may withdraw any or all vested contributions plus earnings. Hardship distributions The plan document will define the requirements for a hardship distribution. rmally there must be an immediate financial need to qualify. Hardship distributions are not rollover eligible.

3 Page 3 of 6 Are there additional taxes associated with distributions from IRAs and qualified retirement plans? Taxable distributions from qualified retirement plans, 403(b)s and traditional IRAs made prior to age 59½ are subject to an additional 10% penalty tax. This penalty is only imposed on taxable distributions. However a number of exceptions do exist, some apply to all plans and some are unique to IRAs or qualified plans. What happens to after-tax contributions? After-tax (non-roth) contributions made to a 401(k) or 403(b) may be rolled over to an IRA to retain their taxadvantage status. Can my Roth 401(k) or 403(b) assets be rolled over? Roth 401(k) and 403(b) assets can be rolled into a Roth IRA or another 401(k) or 403(b) that allows Roth deferrals. Can I roll my distribution from my company s retirement plan into a Roth IRA? Assets in an employer-sponsored retirement plan may be directly converted to a Roth IRA. You will be required to pay income tax on the amount you convert. However, the amount converted is exempt from the 10% penalty. All of the taxes must be paid in the year of the conversion. To directly convert assets from an employer-sponsored retirement plan to a Roth IRA you must have a triggering event, such as termination of employment. What if I have a loan on my qualified retirement plan account? Can I roll the loan into an IRA? Loans are not allowed in an IRA. You must repay all loans from your qualified plan or the loan will be considered a distribution and will be subject to taxes and possible penalties. Generally, your Type of distribution 10% Penalty Waiver Qualified plan & 403(b) Qualified transfer or rollover to another retirement plan Distribution due to disability (as defined under 72(m)(7)) Qualified Reservist Distributions Distributions paid to a beneficiary on account of death Unreimbursed medical expenses that are greater than 7½% of your adjusted gross income Involuntary distributions due to IRS levy Substantially equal periodic payments made over your life expectancy (or the joint lives of you and a beneficiary) and continuing the longer of five years or age 59 ½ (With a qualified plan you must also separate from service) Distributions made after a separation from service during or after the year you turn 55 (age 50 for qualified public safety employees) Divorce distributions made to a spouse (or former spouse) pursuant to a Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) Distributions of dividends from an employer s employee stock option plan (ESOP) Health insurance premiums during period of qualified unemployment Qualified post-secondary education expenses for you, your spouse, child or grandchild First time homebuyer expenses for the purchase of a primary residence, to $10,000 lifetime limit loan may be repaid to the plan prior to your rollover, or you may deposit all or part of the outstanding loan balance to your IRA within 60 days, assuming your loan is in good standing at the time of distribution. IRA What if my qualified retirement plan distribution includes employer stock? If your lump sum distribution includes employer stock, your shares of employer stock may be included as part of a direct rollover. However if your distribution contains highly appreciated employer stock you may want to take the stock as a distribution rather than roll it into your IRA.

4 Page 4 of 6 This may be important to you because there is a special tax treatment available for in-kind distributions of employer stock as part of a lump-sum distribution from your employer s qualified retirement plan. This special tax treatment is referred to as Net Unrealized Appreciation (NUA). What is Net Unrealized Appreciation? If you take your employer stock as a distribution in-kind, meaning you receive the stock and do not roll it into your IRA, you pay ordinary income taxes on your cost basis (the price originally paid for the shares) in the shares when you take the distribution. When you sell the shares, regardless of how long you have held them, you pay long-term capital gains taxes on the NUA. NUA is the difference in value between cost basis for the employer stock and the value of that stock when it is being distributed to you as part of a lump-sum distribution. How could this be an advantage? Although you pay income taxes now on the stock s cost basis, you defer taxation on the NUA until you sell the shares. At that time, you pay long-term capital gains taxes, which are currently lower than ordinary income taxes. Here is an example of how this might work: Lynn left ABC Company and received a lump-sum distribution consisting of $600,000 of ABC Company stock and $200,000 in cash. The plan s cost basis in the shares distributed was $100,000. Lynn takes the stock as an in-kind distribution and deposits it into her brokerage account. She rolls the $200,000 in cash into her IRA. In the year of the distribution she must pay income taxes and any applicable early distribution penalty on $100,000 of ordinary income (her cost basis on the stock). Five years later, Lynn decides to sell all of the stock for $1,000,000. At that time she will pay long-term capital gains tax on the following: The NUA of $500,000; ($600,000 market value less $100,000 cost basis) and The increase in value since the date of the distribution (long term capital gain of $400,000). What qualifies as a lump sum distribution for NUA purposes? The entire balance from all qualified and non-qualified deferred compensation plans you have with the employer must be distributed to you within one tax year, and the reason for the distribution must be separation from service, attainment of age 59½, or due to your disability or death. Are there additional benefits of taking a lumpsum distribution of employer stock? There may be several other practical reasons to take a lump sum distribution of employer stock. If you die before selling the stock, your heirs under current law will get a stepup in basis that eliminates the capital gains on any appreciation between the day of the original distribution from your qualified plan and the day of your death ($400,000 in the preceding example). They will still have to pay long-term capital gains tax on the original NUA amount ($500,000). Since the employer stock will not be rolled into your IRA, the value will not be subject to RMDs when you turn 70 ½. You can control when to pay income taxes on the NUA portion. If you have charitable interests, you can avoid income taxes on the NUA by gifting shares directly to a charity or to a charitable remainder trust. This may also provide you with a tax deduction and lower the value of your estate. Is there a mandatory 20% income tax withheld from my qualified plan distribution of employer stock? Employer stock distributed from your qualified retirement plan is not subject to the mandatory 20% income tax withholding. This exception does not apply to other assets distributed from the plan. Does the 10% early distribution penalty apply in the distribution of employer stock? Unless you are over 59½ or are 55 or older and separating from service with the company, generally a 10% penalty tax will be applied to the taxable amount of the distribution. What are substantially equal periodic payments under IRC Section 72(t)? Substantially equal periodic payments allow you to receive distributions as a series of payments based on your life expectancy (or you and your beneficiary s combined life expectancy). This avoids the 10% penalty on premature distributions. To qualify, these distributions must be made at least annually and continue for the longer of five years or until you reach 59 ½. Plus, the amounts distributed must be calculated according to one of three IRS-approved methods: Life expectancy On an annual basis, your IRA balance, at the end of the previous year, is divided by a life expectancy factor, using either your single life expectancy, your joint life expectancy with your beneficiary or the Uniform Lifetime table. Generally, this is the same method used to calculate your required minimum distribution and will generally result in the smallest distribution possible.

5 Page 5 of 6 Amortization Your IRA balance is divided over your life expectancy, with the balance projected to grow at a rate that cannot exceed 120% of the federal mid-term rate for either one of the two months immediately preceding the month in which distributions begin. The amortization method will produce a larger payment than the life expectancy method. Annuitization Your IRA balance is divided by an annuity factor that represents the present value of an annuity of $1 per year beginning in the year of the first distribution and continuing for your expected lifetime. Since the three methods of calculating substantially equal periodic payments generally produce different results, there is some flexibility in selecting a payment amount. Once payments begin, though, the procedure is rigid and you must comply with the exact payment schedule. If the amount of the periodic payments is modified (other than by reason of death or disability) before the later of the end of the fiveyear period or before you reach 59½, the 10% penalty tax, is imposed on all payments previously received. However, if you begin distributions using either the amortization method or the annuitization method, you may make a one-time switch to the life expectancy method, which reduces the required amount to be distributed. Once the switch is made to the life expectancy method, it must be used in all subsequent years. Any other change would be considered a modification and may result in penalties. What are Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs)? You cannot keep funds in a retirement plan indefinitely (a Roth IRA is the exception). Eventually they must be distributed and taxed as ordinary income. You must receive at least a minimum amount for each year after your required beginning date. When must I start taking RMDs? Your required beginning date (RBD) is a key date in determining the amount of a required minimum distribution during your lifetime and in determining death distributions after your death. The definition of required beginning date varies depending upon the type of plan. IRAs (other than Roth IRAs) Your RBD is the April 1st of the calendar year following the calendar year in which you attain the age of 70½. You attain the age of 70½ as of the date that is six calendar months after your 70th birthday. Qualified plans n-5% owners The RBD is the April 1st of the calendar year following the later of the calendar year in which you attain the age of 70½ or the calendar year in which you retire from employment with the employer maintaining the plan. 5% owners Your RBD is the April 1st of the calendar year following the calendar year in which you attain the age of 70½. A 5% owner is an individual who owns more than 5% of the business sponsoring the plan, with respect to the plan year ending in the calendar year in which he or she attain the age of 70½. How are RMDs calculated? Your RMD is calculated each year by dividing your IRA s value on the December 31st preceding the year of distribution by your applicable life expectancy factor found in IRS Publication 590. To determine your factor, you will use the Uniform Lifetime Table except if your spouse is the sole, primary beneficiary of your IRA and your spouse is more than ten years younger than you. In this case the more favorable Joint Life Expectancy Table may be used. The first year you are required to take a distribution, you have the option to delay the distribution of your RMD until April 1 of the year following the year you turn 70 ½. However, if you postpone your first RMD you will need to receive two RMDs the second year, one for your first RMD by April 1, as well as your current year RMD by December 31. Example: An IRA owner s date of birth is July 6, On January 6, 2017, this IRA owner will reach age 70 ½ and must begin to take a RMD. The IRA owner may elect to defer the first required distribution until April 1, The value of the IRA on December 31, 2016 is $150,000. If the IRA owner takes the initial required distribution before December 31, 2017, the RMD is: $150,000 = $5, years* *Life expectancy factor for 71. If the IRA owner defers the initial required distribution until April 1, 2018, the RMD for 2017 is still $5,660. $150,000 = $5, years A second RMD for 2018 must be taken before December 31, By December 31, 2017 the IRA value has grown to $165,000. The RMD for 2018 is: $165,000 = $6, years What happens if I don t take my RMD? Failure to satisfy an RMD results in a 50% penalty on the amount not distributed. Are Roth IRAs subject to RMDs? A Roth IRA is not subject to RMDs until a non-spouse beneficiary inherits the assets. When a non-spouse beneficiary inherits Roth IRA assets the distributions options are the same as those available to beneficiaries of traditional IRAs whose owners passed away before their RBD.

6 Page 6 of 6 What happens after death of the IRA account owner? IRA and qualified retirement plan benefits bypass probate and may be paid directly to your designated beneficiaries. Upon inheriting an IRA a beneficiary may be subject to RMDs. The distribution options for each beneficiary are determined by two factors: Whether the account owner had a Designated Beneficiary, and whether the designated beneficiary is a spouse or non-spouse AND Whether the account owner passed away before or after his or her RBD. n-spouse beneficiaries Designated beneficiary: An annual RMD is based on life expectancy of Designated Beneficiary and must begin by December 31 of the year following the year of the account owner s death. n-designated beneficiary: If account owner died before his or her RBD the entire IRA must be distributed no later than December 31 of the year containing the fifth anniversary of the owner s death ( five-year rule ). If account owner died after his or her RMD an annual RMD is required. The RMD is based on the remaining life expectancy of the account owner and must begin by December 31 of the year following the year of the account owner s death, and continue annually. Spouse beneficiary A spouse inheriting IRA assets may: Transfer the IRA into his or her own IRA Leave the assets in a decedent IRA and delay RMDs until the deceased IRA owner would have been age 70½. At that time the RMDs would be based on the spouse s single life expectancy. RBC Wealth Management does not provide tax or legal advice. This information is provided for educational purposes only and does not constitute tax advice. All decisions regarding the tax or legal implications of your investments should be made in connection with your independent tax or legal advisor. RBC Wealth Management, a division of RBC Capital Markets, LLC, Member NYSE/FINRA/SIPC All rights reserved (09/17)