PART II: ARMENIA HOUSEHOLD INCOME, EXPENDITURES, AND BASIC FOOD CONSUMPTION

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1 PART II: ARMENIA HOUSEHOLD INCOME, EXPENDITURES, AND BASIC FOOD CONSUMPTION 89

2 Chapter 6: Household Income *, Expenditures, and Basic Food Consumption This chapter presents the dynamics of household income, expenditures, and basic food consumption over the period of The analysis is based on the Integrated Living Conditions Survey data. The diary on current expenditures, consumption, and income is the source of the data. All indicators of household living conditions, as presented in this chapter, are estimated on per capita basis Household Disposable Income Household income is one of the key indicators to assess the living conditions of population. Gross household income comprises monetary and non-monetary income. Monetary household income includes the funds received by household members as remuneration for work (excluded income tax and other wage-deductible mandatory social contributions), funds received from self-employment or entrepreneurial activities, social transfers (pensions, monetary social assistance, including unemployment, family, childbirth and childcare, and other benefits), private transfers, property rental income, interests, dividends, equity gains, revenues from the sale of shares and other securities, real estate and household property, livestock, and own production food, as well as funds received as assistance from relatives and third persons, or other monetary income. Gross household income comprises all articles of monetary income, as well as non-monetary income such as own production food consumed (used) by the household, and non-food products and services received free of charge from relatives or third persons, all expressed in monetary terms. The amounts and structure of monetary per capita nominal income of households over the periods and are summarized in Table 6.1. Table 6.1 Armenia: Types of Household Nominal Income, and Average monthly per capita household income Types of income AMD Percent Monetary income, including: Hired employment Self-employment Sales of agricultural products and livestock Income on property (rental income, interest, equity gain) Public pensions and benefits Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income * Absolute income figures are less reliable because income is often hidden or understated by the respondents (the effect of propensity not to disclose the income), as well as due to significant seasonality inherent in certain types of income. 90

3 2. Non-monetary income, including: Consumption of own production food Non-food products and services received free of charge Total gross income Source: ILCS and As shown in Table 6.1, over the period of the share of monetary income increased and the share of non-monetary income decreased within the gross income. Pursuant to the Republic of Armenia law enacted on December 12, 2013, salaries of public officials were raised beginning from Examination of household income by urban and rural communities highlighted the importance of income from hired employment particularly for urban population, comprising 55.0% of their gross income in 2014 (Table 6.2).Over , the share of income from selfemployment decreased in urban communities. On the other hand, income from hired employment for rural households comprising 32.4% of their gross income was 1.8 times as small as that for urban households. In comparison with 2008, the share of income of rural households from the sale of agricultural products and livestock decreased in 2014 (from 17.6% to 14.8%). The share of nonmonetary income, particularly in the form of own production food, was incomparably larger for rural than for urban households. In 2014, the share of non-monetary income comprised 14.2% of the income of rural households and only 2.1% of that of urban households. It should also be mentioned that the share of private transfers increased for both urban and rural households (for urban households from 9.9% in 2008 to 12.4% in 2014, and for rural households from 7.3% in 2008 to 9.8% in 2014). Table 6.2 Armenia: Sources of Household Nominal Income by Urban and Rural Communities, 2008 and 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Income) Urban communities Rural communities AMD Percent AMD Percent Monetary income, including: Hired employment Self-employment Sales of agricultural products and livestock Income on property (rental income, interest, equity gain) Public pensions and benefits Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Non-monetary income, including: Consumption of own production food

4 Non-food products and services received free of charge Total gross income Source: ILCS 2008 and 2014 Table 6.3 below presents the structure of monetary income by decile groups. The study of household monetary income depicts the distribution of income sources and its dynamics over time. Over , the difference between the tenth and the first decile groups in terms of income from hired employment decreased (from 98 times in 2004 to 59 times in 2014). The difference between the tenth and the first decile groups in terms of income from the sales of agricultural products also decreased, from 7.7 times in 2004 to 10.4 times in Moreover, the difference between the tenth and the first decile groups in terms of income from transfers also grew from 57 times in 2004 to 69 times in 2014 (Table 6.3 and Graph 6.1). Table 6.3 Armenia: Dynamics of Household Nominal Monetary Income, by Decile Groups, 2004 and * (Average Monthly per Capita Income, AMD) 2004 Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income

5 2010 Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Household monetary income; including Employment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Transfers, of which: From relatives residing in Armenia From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Source: ILCS 2004, Note: *Excluding households, which did not report their income 93

6 Graph 6.1 Armenia: Ratio of Household Monetary Income of the Tenth and the First Decile Groups, by Sources of Income, 2004, 2008 and * (Average Monthly per Capita Income, Times) Source: ILCS 2004, 2008 and Note: * Excluding households, which did not report their income State transfers are a key source of monetary income for households in the first decile group (49.2% in 2014), while the share of this source of income for households in the tenth decile group (5.2%) is very small (Table 6.4 and Graph 6.2). Over the period of , the share of state transfers grew for households of all decile groups except for the second and third ones. The share of private transfers is the largest in the composition of monetary household income for the tenth decile group (16.1%), where it decreased as compared to 2004 (from 19.0%). In comparison with 2004, in 2014 the share of this source of income decreased in the composition of monetary household income also for the first and seventh deciles. The said share for the first decile group is the lowest among all other groups and is around 4 times lower than that for the tenth decile group (respectively 3.8% and 15.8%). 94

7 Decile groups of monetary income I II III IV V VI Table 6.4 Armenia: Structure of Monetary Income, by Decile Groups, 2004, (Average Monthly per Capita Income) (percent) Years Monetary income Employ ment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Including Transfers From relatives residing in Armenia Of which From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income

8 Decile groups of monetary income VII VIII IX X Years Monetary income Employ ment income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Income from sales of agricultural products Including Transfers From relatives residing in Armenia Of which From relatives residing outside of Armenia Other income Source: ILCS 2004,

9 Graph 6.2 Armenia: Structure of Monetary Income for Households of the First and the Tenth Decile Groups, 2004 and 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Income) (percent) I decile X decile Employment income Income from sales of agricultural products Other income Pensions, benefits, scholarships Transfers Source: ILCS 2004 and Household Expenditure Gross household consumption expenditures are another indicator of household material welfare. Gross household consumption expenditures comprise monetary and non-monetary consumption expenditures. Gross household consumption expenditures include the payments made by households within the reporting period to acquire food (including the expenses on food consumed away from home, own production food consumed (used) by the household and food received free of charge from relatives or third persons, all expressed in monetary terms) and non-food goods (including durable goods) and services, as well as non-food products and services received free of charge from relatives or third persons, all expressed in monetary terms. Household consumption expenditures do not include taxes, collections, debt repayments, alimony payments, assistance to relatives, penalties, loan repayments and other non-consumption expenditures, accumulations, as well as expenses related to production activities of households (acquisition of seeds, livestock, raw materials). Although the National Statistical Service has switched from the Republic of Armenia Types of Economic Activity (NACE) classifier to the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP) classifier since 2012, this report presents data on consumption expenditures both by NACE and COICOP classifiers. Particularly, household consumption expenditures are presented by NACE classifier in sub-section and by COICOP classifier under sub-section

10 Household Consumption Expenditures by NACE Classifier Consumption expenditures of households by NACE classifier include: Food products - Meat and meat products - Milk and milk products - Eggs - Fish and fish products - Sugar and confectionary - Butter and vegetable oils - Potato - Vegetable crops - Fruits, berries, nuts, and grape - Bread and bakery goods - Other food - Food consumed away from home Alcoholic beverages Tobacco Non-food products - Clothing, textile, footwear - Furniture, carpets, home appliances - Hygiene items and medicaments - Means of transportation, spare parts and fuel - Other non-food products Services - Housing and utilities (excluded phone) - Cultural, recreation, and sports - Education, training, and preschool education - Medical and resort - Transport and communications - Other services The structure of household consumption expenditures in 2014 is presented in Graph 6.3. Available data suggests that expenses on food at 45.7% comprise around half of consumption expenditures of the population. The share of this expenditure item in total consumption expenditures, as compared to 2004 (56.1%), tended to decrease (Table 6.5). Graph 6.3 Armenia: Structure of Household Consumption Expenditures in 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures) (percent) 45.7% Food 32.0% Alcoholic drinks Tobacco Non-food products 18.3% 3.4% 0.6% Services Source: ILCS

11 Changes in the structure of household consumption expenditures as per the 2004, 2008 and survey results are presented in the table below. Table 6.5 Armenia: Structure of Household Nominal Consumption Expenditures, 2004, 2008 and Average monthly per capita expenditures Expenditure items AMD Percent Consumption expenditure, including Food; of which Food consumed away from home Alcoholic beverages Tobacco Non-food products Services; including Health care Education Utilities Transport Communications Culture Legal services Other services Source: ILCS 2004, 2008 and The share of expenses on food was still relatively large in total consumption expenditures of rural households. As compared to 2004, in 2014 the share of expenses on food in rural communities decreased from 62.5% to 53.7%, whereas the share of expenses on services, particularly on communication, sharply increased as compared to expenses on other utilities. The share of expenses on non-food products in consumption expenditures was larger for rural population than that for urban population (19.7% and 17.7%, respectively). The share of expenses on utilities in total expenditures was larger for urban population than that for rural population (Table 6.6 and Graph 6.4). Table 6.6 Armenia: Structure of Household Nominal Consumption Expenditures, by Urban and Rural Communities, 2004 and 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures) Urban communities Rural communities Expenditure items AMD Percent AMD Percent Consumption expenditure; including Food; of which Food consumed away from home Alcoholic beverages Tobacco Non-food products Services; including Health care Education Utilities

12 Urban communities Rural communities Expenditure items AMD Percent AMD Percent Transport Communication Culture Legal services Other services Source: ILCS 2004 and 2014 Graph 6.4 Armenia: Structure of Household Nominal Consumption Expenditures, by Urban and Rural Communities, 2004 and 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures) (percent) Urban communities Rural communities Food Alcoholic drinks Tobacco Non-food products Services Source: ILCS 2004 and 2014 A more detailed breakdown of household consumption expenditures over the period of by urban and rural communities is presented in Annex 3, Table A Household Consumption Expenditures by COICOP Classifier Consumption expenditures of households by NACE classifier include: 1. Food and non-alcoholic beverages; 2. Alcoholic beverages and tobacco; 3. Clothing and footwear; 4. Housing, water, electricity, gas and fuels; 5. Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance; 6. Health; 7. Transport; 8. Communications; 9. Recreation and culture; 10. Education 11. Restaurants and hotels; 12. Miscellaneous goods and services. 100

13 Table 6.7 Armenia: Structure of Household Nominal Consumption Expenditures, (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures, Grouped by Purpose 1) ) (AMD) Expenditure items Country total Including Urban communities Rural communities Consumption expenditure; including Food and non-alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages and tobacco Clothing and footwear Housing, water, electricity, gas and fuels Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance Health Transport Communications Recreation and culture Education Restaurants and hotels Miscellaneous goods and services Source: ILCS 2013 and ) Harmonized with the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP HBS) under the national classifier of individual consumption by purpose. Table 6.8 Armenia: Structure of Household Nominal Consumption Expenditures, (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures, Grouped by Purpose 1) ) (percent) Expenditure items Country total Including Urban communities Rural communities Consumption expenditure; including Food and non-alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages and tobacco Clothing and footwear Housing, water, electricity, gas and fuels Furnishings, household equipment and routine household maintenance Health Transport Communications Recreation and culture Education Restaurants and hotels Miscellaneous goods and services Source: ILCS 2013 and ) Harmonized with the Classification of Individual Consumption by Purpose (COICOP HBS) under the national classifier of individual consumption by purpose. 101

14 6.3. Assessment of Inequality in Income and Expenditure Distribution Household expenditure indicators are characterized by greater reliability as compared with income data, since the latter is often not reported or is underreported by respondents (due to the propensity to non-disclosure of income). The ratio of polar quintiles is calculated to distinguish the population by income and expenditures; this is the ratio of income or expenditures of the best-off 20% population to that of the most vulnerable 20% population. According to that assessment, the ratio of monetary income of the best-off 20% and the most vulnerable 20% decreased in 2014 as compared to 2004, from 10.6 to 8.8 times, while the reduction in terms of consumption expenditures was from 5.8 to 5.6 times (Table 6.9). In 2014, the ratio of the polar quintiles by consumption expenditures of population was the same as observed in Table 6.9 Armenia: Ratio of Income and Expenditures of 20 Percent Wealthiest and 20 Percent Poorest Population, (times) By monetary income By consumption expenditures Source: ILCS Table 6.10 Armenia: Ratio of Income and Expenditures of 10 Percent Wealthiest and 10 Percent Poorest Population, (times) By monetary income By consumption expenditures Source: ILCS The ratio of the polar deciles of population by income or expenditure (the ratio of income or expenditures of the best-off 10% population to that of the most vulnerable 10% population) is more distinct, than the quintile ratio. In 2014, this ratio constituted 9.1 times for consumption expenditures and 16.6 times for monetary income of population. Analysis of the main indicator of inequality in the living conditions of population that is the Gini coefficient calculated on the basis of income and expenditure distribution is presented in Chapter 3 of this report. Table A6.2 of Annex 3 presents the change in the structure of average monthly per capita household consumption expenditures by decile groups over

15 As expected, for poor households the share of expenses on food in total consumption expenditures was larger than the country average. Over the reporting period of , expenses on services incurred by households within the first decile group almost doubled (Graph 6.5 and Table 6.11). Households in the tenth decile used more services and acquired more non-food products as compared to the households in the first decile. Table 6.11 Armenia: Structure of Household Consumption Expenditures, by Decile Groups, 2004 and (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures) Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII Year Consumption expenditures Food* Alcoholic beverages Including Tobacco Non-food products (percent) Services

16 Decile groups of consumption expenditures VIII IX X Year Consumption expenditures Food* Alcoholic beverages Including Tobacco Non-food products Services Source: ILCS 2004and Note: *Including consumption cost of own production food 104

17 Graph 6.5 Armenia: Structure of Consumption Expenditures for Households of the First and the Tenth Decile Groups, 2004 and 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita Expenditures) (percent) Source: ILCS 2004 and 2014 Note: *Including consumption cost of own production food The differences in consumption are clearly demonstrated when expenditures on utilities are examined as to the distribution of consumption expenditures by decile groups. Hence, in 2014 the average monthly per capita spending on natural gas by the first decile group constituted AMD 905; that by the tenth decile group AMD 4 913; whereas the spending on electricity by these decile groups respectively equaled AMD and AMD Household Consumption Food consumption is one of the indicators describing the living conditions of population. The term consumed food refers to food products purchased, produced in the own household, or received as donation during the reporting period. The consumption of food is grouped as follows: Bakery goods; Potato; Vegetables and vegetable crops; Fruit and berries (including dried fruit); Sugar; Meat and meat products; Fish products; Milk and yogurt; Eggs; Cheese; 105

18 Butter and ghee; Vegetable and other oils. The differences in consumption are clearly demonstrated when food consumption is examined as to the distribution of consumption expenditures by decile groups. Thus, in 2014 monthly per capita consumption of the tenth decile, as compared to that of the first decile, was 4.8 times higher for butter, 3.6 times higher for meat products, 3 times higher for fruits, 2 times higher for eggs, 1.8 times higher for vegetables and vegetable crops, 1.7 times higher for cheese and 1.5 times higher for milk and yogurt (Graph 6.6). It should be noted that the comparison of the first and the tenth deciles as of 2004 and 2014 revealed positive dynamics in terms of consumption of the following food categories vegetables and vegetable crops, meat and meat products, cheese, eggs and vegetable oil. Graph 6.6 Armenia: Consumption of Basic Food Products, by Consumption Expenditures of the First and the Tenth Decile Groups, 2014 (Average Monthly per Capita, Kilogram) Source: ILCS 2014 The average monthly consumption of basic food products for 2004 and by decile groups of consumption expenditures (on per capita basis) is presented in Table

19 Table 6.12 Armenia: Consumption of Basic Food Products, by Decile Groups of Consumption Expenditures, 2004 and (Average Monthly per Capita, Kilogram) 2004 Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including

20 2010 Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee Eggs (piece)

21 2013 Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Total Decile groups of consumption expenditures I II III IV V VI VII VII IX X Bakery goods Potato Vegetables and vegetable crops Fruits and berries. including dried fruit Meat and meat products Milk and yoghurt (liter) Cheese Butter and ghee 0.2 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,3 Eggs (piece) Fish products Sugar Vegetable and other oils (liter) Source: ILCS 2004 and Table 6.13 Armenia: Caloric Value of Consumed Food, (per Day, per Capita) Median, kcal Average, kcal Country average Quintile groups Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Quintile Community type Urban Rural Source: ILCS

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