DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE CREDIT RIVER WATERSHED

Transcription

1 DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE CREDIT RIVER WATERSHED Prepared by: Tesfa Asfaha and Kate Stiefelmeyer George Morris Centre Research Lane Guelph, Ontario, N1G 4T ext. 206 Date: February, 2009

2 Note to Reader In support of CVC s Ecological Goods and Services Project, demographic data specific to the Credit River Watershed was acquired from Statistics Canada, based on the 1996, 2001, and 2006 census. The raw data was tabulated by Statistics Canada through a custom geographic processing of the census data based on CVC s subwatershed and watershed boundaries. The George Morris Centre was hired to process the raw census data and produce a report to share some key demographic data across CVC. As such the information presented in this report covers only small portion of the available census data. There is over 2100 individual variables, within various cross tabulations of the census data, available in raw form for the watershed. If anyone within CVC is interested in demographic data that has not been described within this report please feel free to contact Jeff Wilson or Mike Puddister in the Restoration and Stewardship Department. The report was coordinated by Jamie Ferguson, Jeff Wilson, Dave Beaton, and Mike Puddister.

3 Executive Summary A rapidly urbanizing part of Ontario: Population in the Credit River Watershed (Watershed) increased by 32% between 1996 and 2006, reaching just over 750,000. In Ontario, the population increase was 13% over the same time period. The number of private dwellings in the Watershed was estimated at 242,700 in 2006, an increase of 32% from The number of private dwellings in all of Ontario grew by 16% over the same time period. The percentage of private dwellings owned in the Credit River Watershed (78%) is slightly greater than the provincial average of approximately 71%. The population of the Watershed is relatively young compared to Ontario overall. In 2006, the proportion of persons aged 34 and younger was 49% for the Watershed and 44% for Ontario. The lower portion of the Watershed, which includes Mississauga, Oakville, and Milton, houses 88% of the population, whereas the upper portion houses only 5.5%. A multicultural area: Although English is the dominant mother tongue (56%) in the Watershed, it is much lower than the province as a whole, where English is the mother tongue for 73% of the population. Punjabi (11.7%), Urdu (8.6%) and Polish (8.1%) are relatively widely spoken non-official languages in the Watershed. In 2006, 8,330 persons (1.1%) in the Watershed identified themselves as Aboriginal compared to 2% in all of Ontario. The visible minority population in the Watershed was estimated at 343,350 (45.3%) in 2006, up from 163,925 (28.6%) in This is just less than double the percentage of visible minorities in all of Ontario at 22.8%. South Asian is the dominant visible minority both in the Watershed (42%) and the province as a whole (28.9%) in The number of immigrants in the Watershed was estimated at just below 350,000 (46% of the total population) in In Ontario, immigrants represent 28.3% of the total population. Recent immigrants living in the Watershed in 2006 were just above 72,000. Recent immigrants from India make up the largest portion of this group with 27%, followed by Pakistan (13%), the Philippines (9%) and China (7.2%). This is likely due to the Watershed s proximity to Toronto and its inclusion the Greater Toronto Area. Growing economically The Watershed surpasses Ontario in a number of economic measures: The median household income in the Watershed ($90,140) was higher than in Ontario ($60,455) in Between 1996 and 2006, the median household income in the Watershed increased by 30%, whereas it increased in Ontario only by 9%. 36% of households in the Watershed had an income of $100,000 or more. The employment rate and participation rate were slightly higher for the Watershed (67.6% and 72% respectively) than for Ontario (62.8% and 67.1% respectively). Other Trends: Just fewer than 75% of people who live in the Watershed drove to work in 2006, compared to 71% in all of Ontario. This may be due to the number of rural communities located in the Watershed, and the proximity to Toronto where many residents may commute to work. 56% of individuals aged 15 and over had attained education beyond high school. This is slightly lower than Ontario as a whole at 61.5%. The percentage of residents with education beyond high school has been declining in the Watershed. ii

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 1 Methodology and Data Limitations... 2 Population... 3 Private Dwellings... 6 Marital Status... 7 Mother Tongue and Knowledge of Official Languages... 9 Aboriginal Population...14 Visible Minority Population...14 Household income...20 Labour Force and Employment...24 Modes of Transportation...26 Educational Attainment...26 References...29 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of Cities and Towns Located Within the Credit River Watershed... 1 Figure 2: The Credit River Watershed and its Subwatersheds... 2 Figure 3: Proportion of Male in the Watershed, Figure 4: Population Distribution by Age Group in the Watershed, Figure 5: Marital Status in the Watershed compared to Ontario, Figure 6: Aboriginal Identity Population in the Watershed and Ontario, Figure 7: Visible Minority Population in the Watershed, Figure 8: Population by Immigrant Status in the Watershed, Figure 9: Median Household Income in the Watershed and Ontario, Census...22 Figure 10: Household Income Distribution in the Watershed, census Figure 11: Change in the Composition of Income in the Watershed, Census Figure 12: Mode of Transportation to Work, Figure 13: Educational Attainment Trends in the Watershed, LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Population and Growth in the Watershed, Table 2: Private Dwellings in the Watershed, Table 3: Owned and Rented Private Dwellings in the Watershed, Table 4: Marital Status in the Watershed, Table 5: Number of Children at Home in the Watershed by Age Group, Table 6: Population with Official Languages as their Mother Tongue, Table 7: Population by Knowledge of Official Languages in the Watershed, Table 8: Commonly Spoken Non- Official Languages in the Watershed, Table 9: Visible Minority Population in the Watershed, Table 10: Distribution of Population by Ethnic Origin, Table 11: Recent Immigrants by Selected Places of Birth, Table 12: Median Household Income in the Watershed, Census...21 Table 13: Composition of Household Income in the Watershed, Census Table 14: Change in Labour Force and Employment Rate in the Watershed, Table 15: Employment Rate in the Watershed, Table 16: Level of Educational Attainment in the Watershed,

5 Introduction The Credit River Watershed is 1,000 square kilometres in area and is drained by the Credit River and its 1,500 kilometres of tributaries. 1 It is located in one of the most rapidly urbanizing parts of Canada, adjacent to the Greater Toronto Area. It includes portions of Peel and Halton Regions and the municipalities of Mississauga, Brampton, Halton Hills, and Orangeville among others, as shown in Figure 1 (CVC, 2008). The following report examines demographic trends in the watershed based on Statistics Canada 1996, 2001, and 2006 Census data. Figure 2 is a map of the subwatersheds within the Credit River Watershed. Data were collected and reported based on the subwatershed boundaries 2. Figure 1: Map of Cities and Towns Located Within the Credit River Watershed Source: CVC (2008) 1 A watershed is an area of land that drains into a river or stream. 2 A subwatershed is a smaller drainage area within the larger watershed (Conservation Halton, 2008). Note that Lake Ontario Shoreline subwatersheds (numbers 21 and 22 shown in Figure 2) are not actual subwatersheds; they are a collection of distinct watersheds that drain directly into Lake Ontario. For management purposes CVC has grouped these independent watersheds into two management areas. 1

6 Figure 2: The Credit River Watershed and its Subwatersheds Source: CVC (2008) Methodology and Data Limitations Data for the Statistical Profile of the Credit River Watershed were obtained based on a custom request from Statistics Canada using data collected in the 2006, 2001, and 1996 Census. As part of the Census, Statistics Canada collects statistics at national, provincial and subprovincial levels. The smallest standard geographic area for which Census data are provided is a dissemination area (DA). The dissemination areas cover all the territory of Canada (Statistics Canada, 2007e). In order to present data for the Credit River Watershed and its subwatersheds, custom geographies were provided to Statistics Canada by Credit Valley Conservation. Statistics Canada then overlaid a DA map on top of the subwatershed map in order to allocate the data from each DA to the respective subwatershed. This method of allocating the data has some limitations, which must be noted: In some instances, DAs overlapped two or more subwatersheds. When this occurred, Statistics Canada would allocate all of the data from a DA to the subwatershed that had greater than 50% of the DA s area within the subwatershed. Due to Statistics Canada s DA allocation rules, this introduces some error in the allocation of census data to subwatershed. Watershed totals are less affected by this error. Dissemination areas are based on population size ( people) and can, therefore, change over time as populations change, particularly in urbanizing areas such as the 2

7 Credit River Watershed. Due to changes that likely occurred in some DAs between Census years, this will also introduce some error in trend analysis at the subwatershed level. In some of the descriptions and tables below, n/a does not represent missing data but, rather, the cases where no DAs were allocated to a subwatershed as per the allocation rules. Population Population in the Credit River Watershed (Watershed) was just over 750,000 in 2006, an increase of 32% over Table 1 shows population growth in the Watershed between 1996 and Growth in population within the Watershed was much greater than Ontario as a whole. During the same period, population in the province increased by 13% to reach just over 12 million in 2006 (Statistics Canada, 2008a). Between 1996 and 2006 some subwatersheds experienced significant population growth. For example, the population in Levi Creek, between Mississauga and Milton, has more than doubled since Other subwatersheds with significant growth include Carolyn Creek, Fletcher s Creek in Brampton and the East Credit River. In some of the smaller populated subwatersheds, Table 1 shows negative growth based on the numbers received from Statistics Canada. It is more likely that this result is due to the DA method used to match subwatersheds with data, and not necessarily that population is declining in these watersheds, which are located in a growing part of the province. The lower portion 3 of the Watershed which includes Mississauga, Oakville, and Milton houses 88% of the population. The upper portion 4 of the Watershed houses only 5.5% of the population. 3 The lower portion of the Watershed includes subwatersheds shown in green in Figure 2 (Loyalist Creek, Carolyn Creek, Sawmill Creek, Mullett Creek, Fletcher s Creek, Levi Creek, Huttonville Creek, Springbrook Tributary, Churchville Tributary, Norval to Port Credit, Lake Ontario Shoreline (21) and Lake Ontario Shoreline (22)). 4 The upper portion of the Watershed includes subwatersheds shown in pink in Figure 2 (West Credit River, Caledon Creek, Shaw s Creek, Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit, Orangeville). 3

8 Table 1: Population and Growth in the Watershed, Sub-Watersheds % of Total Population % Change Loyalist Creek 25,565 23,655 23, % -6.3% Carolyn Creek 9,440 18,055 21, % 131.4% Sawmill Creek 30,115 40,230 45, % 51.7% Mullett Creek 72,995 82,015 79, % 8.5% Fletcher`s Creek 45,320 59, , % 166.1% Levi Creek 1,545 3,900 5, % 228.2% Huttonville Creek n/a 1, % n/a Norval to Port Credit 110, , , % 31.9% Black Creek 12,540 13,275 18, % 44.5% Silver Creek 19,180 20,535 20, % 6.5% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 3,115 3,280 3, % 14.0% East Credit River , % 149.2% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 2,560 2,695 2, % -5.3% West Credit River 8,090 7,675 7, % -8.8% Caledon Creek 2,180 2,065 2, % -1.8% Shaw`s Creek 1,910 3,485 3, % 77.7% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit n/a n/a 1, % n/a Orangeville 23,560 26,240 27, % 17.0% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 1,905 2,650 1, % -1.3% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 48,410 52,070 49, % 2.2% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 143, , , % 10.1% Springbrook Tributary n/a n/a 1, % n/a Churchville Tributary 10,440 15,905 17, % 63.4% Credit River 572, , , % 32.3% * n/a: Does not represent missing data, but is a limitation of the DA allocation rules (see methodology and data limitation discussion on page 2). Figures 3 and 4 present the distribution of the population in the Watershed by gender and age, respectively, in As depicted in Figure 3, the ratio of males to total population in the Watershed declined from just above 60% in 1996 to just below 50% in The distribution of males in Ontario was stable at just below 50% between 1996 and Within the Watershed, the largest subwatershed split between males and females was in the East Credit River subwatershed, with males accounting for 54% of the population in

9 Figure 3: Proportion of Males in the Watershed, 2006 Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001 and 2006 As shown in Figure 4, 49% of the watershed population was 34 years of age and younger in The Watershed is relatively young by comparison to Ontario s population 34 years and younger, which makes up 44% of the total Ontario population. The largest proportion of the population is under 15 years, followed by those between 35 and 44 years old. Although there has been an increase in all age groups since 1996, the older population increased more than proportionately. Between 1996 and 2006, the population between 55 and 64 years increased by 170%, and 65 and over by 65%, compared to 53% for all the age groups. The population between 25 and 34 years grew only slightly (2%). Figure 4: Population Distribution by Age Group in the Watershed, Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001,

10 Private Dwellings Overall, the number of private dwellings in the Credit River Watershed increased from 183,490 in 1996 to 242,700 in 2006, a 32% increase, as shown in Table 2. Private dwelling growth in the Watershed surpassed growth in Ontario as a whole, which experienced a 16% increase between 1996 and 2006 (from 3,924,510 to 4,555,025) (Statistics Canada, 2008a). Within the watershed, the largest proportional increase in the number of private dwellings occurred in Levi Creek; this is consistent with the population growth in this subwatershed. In absolute terms, the private dwellings in Fletcher`s Creek increased by just over 20,000, a 145% rise between 1996 and Table 2: Private Dwellings in the Watershed, Number of Private Dwellings Subwatershed Percentage Change Loyalist Creek 7,355 7,015 7,165-5% 2% -3% Carolyn Creek 2,610 4,845 5,715 86% 18% 119% Sawmill Creek 9,465 12,700 14,460 34% 14% 53% Mullett Creek 22,745 25,835 25,295 14% -2% 11% Fletcher`s Creek 13,890 18,260 34,090 31% 87% 145% Levi Creek 525 1,160 1, % 34% 196% Huttonville Creek n/a n/a n/a -60% Norval to Port Credit 33,735 39,380 45,130 17% 15% 34% Black Creek 4,115 4,535 6,065 10% 34% 47% Silver Creek 6,620 7,180 7,470 8% 4% 13% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 1,070 1,110 1,175 4% 6% 10% East Credit River % 112% 126% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 1,020 1, % -12% -3% West Credit River 2,730 2,640 2,570-3% -3% -6% Caledon Creek % 2% -1% Shaw`s Creek 640 1,135 1,085 77% -4% 70% Credit Melville to Forks of the n/a n/a 410 n/a n/a n/a Orangeville 7,975 9,010 9,670 13% 7% 21% Credit Forks of the Credit to % -29% -1% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 15,940 17,350 16,805 9% -3% 5% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 48,760 51,690 56,035 6% 8% 15% Springbrook Tributary n/a n/a 465 n/a n/a n/a Churchville Tributary 2,710 4,295 4,500 58% 5% 66% Credit River 183, , ,700 15% 15% 32% * n/a: Does not represent missing data, but is a limitation of the DA allocation rules (See methodology and data limitation discussion on page 2). Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, 2006 Of the total 242,700 private dwellings in the Credit River Watershed in 2006, 189,300 (78%) were owned and the remaining 22% were rented (see Table 3). The percentage of private dwellings owned in the Watershed is slightly greater than the provincial average of 6

11 approximately 71% (Statistics Canada, 2008a). Within the subwatersheds, Lake Ontario Shoreline (22) has the largest number of private dwellings and the smallest percentage of owned dwellings (65%). The percentage of private dwellings owned was the largest (97%) in Springbrook Tributary, where the number of private dwellings was estimated to be 465 in Table 3: Owned and Rented Private Dwellings in the Watershed, 2006 Percentage of Number of Private Dwellings Subwatershed total Total Owned Rented Owned Rented Loyalist Creek 7,165 5,215 1,945 73% 27% Carolyn Creek 5,715 4, % 13% Sawmill Creek 14,460 11,760 2,705 81% 19% Mullett Creek 25,295 20,455 4,840 81% 19% Fletcher`s Creek 34,090 28,725 5,365 84% 16% Levi Creek 1,555 1, % 5% Huttonville Creek % 21% Norval to Port Credit 45,130 35,170 9,965 78% 22% Black Creek 6,065 5, % 13% Silver Creek 7,470 6,075 1,390 81% 19% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 1,175 1, % 8% East Credit River % 11% Credit Glen Williams to Norval % 21% West Credit River 2,570 2, % 10% Caledon Creek % 4% Shaw`s Creek 1, % 12% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit % 11% Orangeville 9,670 7,805 1,870 81% 19% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham % 14% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 16,805 13,885 2,925 83% 17% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 56,035 36,690 19,345 65% 35% Springbrook Tributary % 3% Churchville Tributary 4,500 4, % 10% Credit River 242, ,300 53,390 78% 22% Marital Status Table 4 and Figure 5 illustrate marital status in the Watershed for Of the population 15 years and over in the Watershed, 57% were legally married, 30% have never married, 6% divorced, 4% widowed and 3% separated. These percentages are comparable to the marital statistics for the province as a whole. The marital status statistics for Ontario in 2006 were: legally married (52%), never married (32%), divorced (7%), widowed (6%) and separated (3%). Subwatershed marital statistics were similar to the whole watershed. The percentage of legally married for the subwatersheds varied between 52% and 68%, except for Credit Glen Williams to Norval. Its percentage was low (44%), never married between 22% and 32%, divorced between 4% and 9%, widowed between 2% and 9% and separated between 1.8% and 5%. 7

12 Table 4: Marital Status in the Watershed, 2006 Subwatershed Population Never Legally over 15 Married Married Separated Divorced Widowed Loyalist Creek 19,015 6,145 10, Carolyn Creek 16,705 5,190 9, Sawmill Creek 36,475 11,430 20,530 1,055 1,925 1,535 Mullett Creek 62,790 19,800 35,270 1,865 3,510 2,345 Fletcher`s Creek 89,505 25,420 53,820 2,755 4,305 3,205 Levi Creek 3, , Huttonville Creek Norval to Port Credit 116,680 36,360 67,210 2,895 5,565 4,650 Black Creek 13,970 3,680 8, Silver Creek 16,415 4,675 9, , Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 2, , East Credit River 1, Credit Glen Williams to Norval 2, West Credit River 5,785 1,475 3, Caledon Creek 1, , Shaw`s Creek 2, , Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit Orangeville 21,540 6,610 11, ,645 1,170 Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 1, Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 40,105 12,045 22,510 1,270 2,410 1,870 Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 129,355 41,255 69,195 4,280 8,270 6,355 Springbrook Tributary 1, Churchville Tributary 12,925 4,070 7, Credit River 599, , ,055 17,915 33,205 25,385 Figure 5: Marital Status in the Watershed compared to Ontario,

13 Table 5 illustrates the number of children at home in the Watershed by age range in Children between the ages of 6 and 14 years make up the largest proportion at 34%, followed by children ages years. Within the Watershed, Norval to Port Credit, Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) and Fletcher`s Creek have the largest numbers of children living at home. Two of these subwatersheds are located within the City of Mississauga or the City of Brampton. Springbrook had the largest percentage (28%) of at-home children under 6 years of age, Levi Creek and Shaw`s Creek had the largest percentage of at-home children from 6-14 years of age, and Huttonville Creek had the largest percentage of at-home children 25 years of age and over. Table 5: Number of Children at Home in the Watershed by Age Group, 2006 Number of children at Under 6 Subwatershed home years of age 6-14 years years 25 years and more Total Total % Total % Total % Total % Loyalist Creek 9,940 1,630 16% 3,350 33% 3,570 36% 1,430 14% Carolyn Creek 9,575 1,695 18% 3,420 36% 3,350 35% 1,150 12% Sawmill Creek 18,200 3,170 17% 5,980 33% 6,700 37% 2,350 13% Mullett Creek 31,425 5,165 16% 11,115 35% 11,480 37% 3,665 12% Fletcher`s Creek 48,935 13,080 27% 17,765 36% 13,390 27% 4,700 10% Levi Creek 2, % % % 85 4% Huttonville Creek % 75 35% 80 37% 40 19% Norval to Port Credit 55,360 10,120 18% 18,235 33% 19,020 34% 7,985 14% Black Creek 6,350 1,720 27% 2,420 38% 1,785 28% 425 7% Silver Creek 7,015 1,390 20% 2,615 37% 2,335 33% % Credit Cheltenham 1, % % % 95 8% East Credit River % % % 55 11% Credit Glen % % % % West Credit River 2, % 1,140 43% % 175 7% Caledon Creek % % % 65 8% Shaw`s Creek 1, % % % 60 5% Credit Melville to % % % 40 10% Orangeville 10,110 2,170 21% 3,830 38% 3,310 33% 800 8% Credit Forks of the % % % 65 12% Lake Ontario (21) 18,155 2,990 16% 6,355 35% 6,490 36% 2,320 13% Lake Ontario (22) 54,820 10,880 2,990 20% 17,170 6,355 31% 18,320 6,490 33% 2,320 8,450 15% Springbrook , % 17, % 18, % 8,450 6% Tributary Churchville Tributary 7,145 1,560 22% 290 2,545 36% 185 2,250 31% % Credit River 288,310 57,790 20% 99,345 99,345 34% 95,650 95,650 33% 35,525 35,525 12% Mother Tongue and Knowledge of Official Languages For the majority (56%) of the population in the Watershed, English was their mother tongue with only 1% reporting French as their mother tongue (see Table 6). The percentage of the population with English as their mother tongue was relatively low compared to Ontario as a whole with 73% (Statistics Canada, 2008b). This result may be due to the proximity of the 9

14 Watershed to the Greater Toronto Area, and the inclusion of Mississauga and Brampton. Historically, a large percentage of recent immigrants settle in large metropolitan areas of the country, and 43% of them settled in the Greater Toronto Area (Canadian Labour and Business Centre, 2003). The subwatersheds in which less than 50% of the population s mother tongue is English include Carolyn Creek, Lake Ontario Shoreline (22), and Norval to Port Credit. These subwatersheds are located in close proximity to or within Mississauga. By contrast, in the upper Subwatersheds (West Credit River, Shaw`s Creek, Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit, Orangeville), English is the mother tongue of more than 84% of the population. Table 6: Population with Official Languages as their Mother Tongue, 2006 Subwatershed Total* English French Non-official Languages Total % Total % Total % Loyalist Creek 23,545 12,400 53% 395 2% 10,750 46% Carolyn Creek 21,050 7,805 37% 130 1% 13,115 62% Sawmill Creek 44,400 24,470 55% 690 2% 19,240 43% Mullett Creek 77,020 47,275 61% 1,030 1% 28,715 37% Fletcher`s Creek 117,555 61,850 53% 955 1% 54,750 47% Levi Creek 4,945 3,415 69% 65 1% 1,465 30% Huttonville Creek % 0 0% % Norval to Port Credit 141,275 65,185 46% 1,670 1% 74,420 53% Black Creek 18,045 16,095 89% 285 2% 1,665 9% Silver Creek 20,300 18,135 89% 325 2% 1,840 9% Credit Cheltenham to Glen 3,545 3,115 88% 60 2% % East Credit River 1,545 1,300 84% 10 1% % Credit Glen Williams to Norval 2,420 2,085 86% 95 4% % West Credit River 7,330 6,760 92% 85 1% 485 7% Caledon Creek 2,145 1,805 84% 20 1% % Shaw`s Creek 3,365 3,080 92% 30 1% 255 8% Credit Melville to Forks of the 1,180 1,050 89% 60 5% 70 6% Orangeville 27,385 25,360 93% 325 1% 1,700 6% Credit Forks of the Credit to 1,850 1,535 83% 25 1% % Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 48,750 34,525 71% 740 2% 13,485 28% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 153,015 68,065 44% 1,640 1% 83,310 54% Springbrook Tributary 1,660 1,050 63% 0 0% % Churchville Tributary 16,695 9,095 54% 110 1% 7,490 45% Credit River 739, ,920 56% 8,745 1% 314,935 43% *The total number in the table is less than the actual number of the population because it includes only single responses and not that of multiple responses. For instance, those who reported that both English and French was their mother tongue were not included in the count. As shown in Table 7, out of the two official languages in Canada, 89% of the population in the Watershed was able to communicate only in English in 2006, 7% both in English and French, and 3% neither in English nor French. In all of Ontario, 86% of the population can communicate 10

15 in English only, 0.4% only in French, 11% in both English and French, and 2.2% in neither English nor French (Statistics Canada, 2008c). Table 8 shows some commonly spoken nonofficial languages in the Watershed. Of the non-official languages, Punjabi (11.7%), Urdu (8.6%) and Polish (8.1%) are widely spoken. 11

16 Table 7: Population by Knowledge of Official Languages in the Watershed, 2006 Subwatershed Total English only French only Both English & French Neither English nor French Population Total % Total % Total % Total % Loyalist Creek 23,955 21,295 89% % 2,015 8% 630 3% Carolyn Creek 21,840 19,465 89% % 1,240 6% 1,125 5% Sawmill Creek 45,700 40,680 89% % 4,030 9% 955 2% Mullett Creek 79,175 70,555 89% % 6,840 9% 1,665 2% Fletcher`s Creek 120, ,695 90% % 6,425 5% 5,415 4% Levi Creek 5,070 4,575 90% % 460 9% 35 1% Huttonville Creek % % 10 2% 0 0% Norval to Port Credit 145, ,255 88% % 10,405 7% 6,430 4% Black Creek 18,125 16,625 92% % 1,430 8% 60 0% Silver Creek 20,425 18,630 91% % 1,725 8% 60 0% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 3,550 3,140 88% % % 25 1% East Credit River 1,545 1,410 91% % 125 8% 10 1% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 2,425 2,105 87% % % 60 2% West Credit River 7,375 6,660 90% % % 0 0% Caledon Creek 2,140 2,010 94% % 120 6% 10 0% Shaw`s Creek 3,395 3,050 90% % % 15 0% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit 1,190 1,060 89% % % 0 0% Orangeville 27,570 26,030 94% % 1,500 5% 40 0% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 1,875 1,755 94% % 120 6% 0 0% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 49,470 43,585 88% % 5,285 11% 550 1% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 157, ,520 89% % 10,200 6% 6,715 4% Springbrook Tributary 1,695 1,570 93% % 40 2% 85 5% Churchville Tributary 17,050 15,165 89% % 1,065 6% 820 5% Credit River 757, ,405 89% % 54,855 7% 24,705 3% 12

17 Table 8: Commonly Spoken Non- Official Languages in the Watershed, 2006 Subwatershed Total Population Who Speak Non-Official Languages Punjabi Chinese Loyalist Creek 10, % 4.0% 3.6% 4.0% 4.9% 4.3% 23.7% 9.6% 4.3% 35.9% Carolyn Creek 13, % 6.4% 5.9% 6.4% 7.3% 3.7% 13.2% 6.3% 3.5% 39.3% Sawmill Creek 19, % 5.7% 4.9% 3.6% 7.5% 7.0% 12.4% 9.9% 2.8% 42.2% Mullett Creek 28, % 6.7% 6.0% 5.7% 4.9% 6.8% 11.8% 7.2% 3.9% 43.9% Fletcher`s Creek 54, % 1.8% 1.2% 8.4% 6.0% 1.9% 6.2% 2.9% 3.3% 33.0% Levi Creek 1, % 5.5% 4.8% 1.7% 6.5% 3.4% 1.0% 14.7% 5.1% 47.4% Huttonville Creek % 0.0% 0.0% 8.7% 17.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 26.1% 30.4% Norval to Port Credit 74, % 6.1% 5.5% 7.2% 6.9% 6.0% 8.5% 8.2% 4.4% 37.5% Black Creek 1, % 1.2% 0.0% 7.5% 3.6% 0.0% 2.7% 12.9% 11.1% 58.9% Silver Creek 1, % 0.8% 3.8% 12.0% 1.4% 0.5% 0.8% 9.0% 8.4% 63.3% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams % 0.0% 0.0% 6.8% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.7% 5.4% 85.1% East Credit River % 0.0% 0.0% 6.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 12.8% 42.6% 38.3% Credit Glen Williams to Norval % 0.0% 0.0% 10.4% 0.0% 0.0% 10.4% 0.0% 8.3% 62.5% West Credit River % 2.1% 0.0% 8.2% 0.0% 2.1% 0.0% 8.2% 11.3% 64.9% Caledon Creek % 0.0% 0.0% 12.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.8% 20.3% 59.4% Shaw`s Creek % 0.0% 0.0% 3.9% 9.8% 0.0% 0.0% 7.8% 7.8% 56.9% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit % 0.0% 14.3% 14.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 14.3% 14.3% 42.9% Orangeville 1, % 0.0% 0.0% 7.4% 0.6% 0.6% 1.5% 7.9% 12.1% 60.9% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham % 0.0% 19.0% 12.1% 5.2% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 10.3% 50.0% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 13, % 4.7% 3.6% 7.3% 5.7% 4.7% 3.1% 16.6% 6.7% 46.0% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 83, % 4.2% 3.6% 7.1% 5.4% 6.0% 7.6% 10.6% 5.8% 45.7% Springbrook Tributary % 0.0% 2.5% 10.7% 6.6% 0.0% 4.9% 4.9% 2.5% 39.3% Churchville Tributary 7, % 0.9% 0.8% 14.5% 4.5% 1.3% 5.7% 2.3% 4.3% 24.3% Credit River 314, % 4.5% 3.9% 7.1% 5.9% 4.9% 8.6% 8.1% 4.7% 40.4% Cantonese Portuguese Filipino Arabic Urdu Polish Italian Other 13

18 Aboriginal Population Aboriginal Identity refers to those persons who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, e.g. North American Indian, Métis or Inuit. Also included are individuals who did not report an Aboriginal identity, but did report themselves as Registered or Treaty Indians, and/or Band or First Nation members (Statistics Canada, 2008d). Figure 6 shows the percentage of the population in the Watershed and Ontario that identify with at least one Aboriginal group. In 2006, 8,330 persons in the Watershed identified themselves as Aboriginal; this represents 1.1% of the population and increased from 0.3% in In 2006, 242,490 (2%) people were estimated to have identified themselves as Aboriginals in Ontario. Figure 6: Aboriginal Identity Population in the Watershed and Ontario, Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, 2006 Visible Minority Population Visible minority population refers to the visible minority group to which the respondent belongs. The Employment Equity Act defines visible minorities as 'persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour.' Categories in the visible minority population variable include Chinese, South Asian, Black, Filipino, Latin American, Southeast Asian, Arab, West Asian, Korean, Japanese, Visible minority, n.i.e 5., and Multiple visible minority (Statistics Canada, 2008e). Table 9 and Figure 7 provide the trend and percentage distributions of the visible minority population in the Watershed. The visible minority population in the Watershed increased to 343,350 (45.3%) in 2006 from 163,925 (28.6%) in In 2006, the proportion of the total Ontario population identified as visible minority was estimated to be 22.8%, a significantly lower percentage than in the Watershed (Statistics Canada, 2008f). Within the Credit River Watershed, Carolyn Creek, in the central part of Mississauga had the largest percentage (71.1%) of visible minorities in 2006, followed by Springbrook Tributary (67%). The visible 5 'n.i.e.' means not included elsewhere. 14

19 minority population was the smallest (1.7%) in Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams. Those subwatersheds in the upper watershed (West Credit River, Caledon Creek, Shaw`s Creek, Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit, and Orangeville) and toward the west (Black Creek and Silver Creek) also had relatively few visible minorities compared to the other subwatersheds. Table 9: Visible Minority Population in the Watershed, 2006 Subwatershed Visible Minority Population % of total Population Loyalist Creek 9,355 9,730 11, % 41.1% 48.9% Carolyn Creek 4,630 10,665 15, % 59.1% 71.1% Sawmill Creek 7,230 13,395 21, % 33.3% 47.6% Mullett Creek 19,190 27,565 32, % 33.6% 41.0% Fletcher`s Creek 16,700 27,685 78, % 46.3% 64.7% Levi Creek , % 8.3% 26.6% Huttonville Creek n/a* % 28.1% 19.8% Norval to Port Credit 41,475 59,430 78, % 46.2% 53.9% Black Creek % 3.2% 4.3% Silver Creek % 4.4% 3.2% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams % 0.9% 1.7% East Credit River % 0.0% 3.2% Credit Glen Williams to Norval % 2.2% 6.2% West Credit River % 2.3% 2.0% Caledon Creek % 2.4% 3.5% Shaw`s Creek % 3.4% 7.7% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit n/a n/a 70 n/a n/a 5.9% Orangeville 555 1,085 1, % 4.1% 5.2% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham % 2.6% 9.3% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 7,875 11,000 10, % 21.1% 22.2% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 51,835 64,035 78, % 42.8% 49.5% Springbrook Tributary n/a n/a 1,135 n/a n/a 67.0% Churchville Tributary 3,710 7,475 10, % 47.0% 59.0% Credit River 163, , , % 35.7% 45.3% * n/a: Does not represent missing data, but is a limitation of the DA allocation rules (See methodology and data limitation discussion on page 2). Figure 7 shows that South Asian was the dominant visible minority (42%) in the Watershed, followed by Black (15%) and Chinese (12%) in Similarly, South Asian was the largest (28.9%) visible minority group in Ontario in 2006, but followed by Chinese (21%) and then Black (4%) (Statistics Canada, 2008f). 15

20 Figure 7: Visible Minority Population in the Watershed, 2006 Table 10 presents the distribution of population in the Watershed by ethnic origin. The majority (49.3%) of the population in the Watershed are British Isles origin, followed by Asian origin 6 (18%) and European origin (16.5%). Figure 8 shows population by immigrant status in the Watershed for The number of immigrants in the Watershed was estimated at just below 350,000 (46% of the total population) in 2006, non-immigrants just above 400,000 (53%) and non-permanent residents just above 7,000 (1%). Within the Watershed, Carolyn Creek had the largest proportion (62%) of immigrants, while Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams, Shaw`s Creek and West Credit River had the lowest proportion (12%). Table 11 illustrates the number of recent immigrants 7 (arrived in last five years) by selected places of birth. The number of recent immigrants in the Watershed was estimated at just above 72,000 in The largest percentage (27%) of these recent immigrants was born in India, 13% in Pakistan, 9% Philippines and 7.2% China. 6 Asian origin is the total sum of West Asian origin, South Asian origin and East &Southeast Asian origin. 7 Recent immigrants refer to immigrants who came to Canada between January 1, 2001 and May 16, 2006 (Statistics Canada. 2006a). 16

21 Table 10: Distribution of Population by Ethnic Origin, 2006 Subwatershed British Isles French Other North American Caribbean Asian European Other 8 Loyalist Creek 50.3% 2.3% 6.6% 3.5% 17% 16.4% 3.4% Carolyn Creek 55.6% 1.0% 2.8% 4.0% 17% 15.2% 4.2% Sawmill Creek 50.4% 2.7% 6.5% 2.9% 17% 15.7% 4.6% Mullett Creek 48.1% 2.9% 7.9% 2.4% 18% 16.9% 3.9% Fletcher`s Creek 52.1% 1.7% 5.3% 7.6% 16% 12.9% 4.6% Levi Creek 44.8% 2.7% 9.1% 1.6% 20% 18.9% 3.0% Huttonville Creek 46.8% 4.0% 11.3% 3.2% 17% 16.9% 0.8% Norval to Port Credit 51.0% 1.9% 4.8% 2.9% 18% 17.0% 4.3% Black Creek 43.8% 4.4% 14.6% 0.5% 18% 17.8% 0.8% Silver Creek 46.2% 5.0% 14.7% 0.2% 17% 16.5% 0.7% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 43.9% 4.4% 14.2% 1.1% 18% 17.9% 0.4% East Credit River 46.1% 3.3% 12.5% 0.0% 19% 18.8% 0.4% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 48.5% 3.6% 13.0% 1.3% 16% 16.0% 1.2% West Credit River 46.1% 4.8% 16.1% 0.4% 16% 15.7% 0.7% Caledon Creek 45.6% 3.5% 13.5% 0.0% 19% 17.4% 1.3% Shaw`s Creek 47.7% 4.4% 17.1% 0.4% 15% 15.1% 0.1% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit 50.2% 3.8% 13.9% 0.4% 16% 14.8% 1.3% Orangeville 46.8% 4.7% 15.6% 0.9% 16% 15.4% 0.8% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 45.6% 4.2% 7.9% 0.4% 21% 20.3% 1.1% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 44.7% 3.4% 8.9% 1.8% 20% 19.0% 2.3% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 49.1% 1.8% 4.6% 2.4% 19% 18.2% 4.5% Springbrook Tributary 53.2% 1.6% 6.4% 6.8% 15% 13.3% 3.5% Churchville Tributary 50.1% 1.6% 5.9% 7.6% 17% 14.7% 3.4% Credit River 49.3% 2.5% 6.9% 3.2% 18% 16.5% 3.7% 8 Other Origin includes Latin, Central and South American origin, African origin, Oceania Origin and Arab origin. 17

22 Figure 8: Population by Immigrant Status in the Watershed,

23 Table 11: Recent Immigrants by Selected Places of Birth, 2006 Subwatershed Total India Pakistan Philippines China S. Korea Sri Lanka U.S. Jamaica Poland Iraq Other Loyalist Creek 2, Carolyn Creek 2, Sawmill Creek 4, ,920 Mullett Creek 7,285 1,005 1, ,685 Fletcher`s Creek 13,330 6,630 1,310 1, ,910 Levi Creek Huttonville Creek Norval to Port Credit 15,685 3,945 1,850 1,610 1, ,875 Black Creek Silver Creek Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams East Credit River Credit Glen Williams to Norval West Credit River Caledon Creek Shaw`s Creek Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit Orangeville Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 2, ,090 Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 21,105 5,045 2,560 1,895 1, ,425 Springbrook Tributary Churchville Tributary 1, Credit River 72,165 19,580 9,625 6,265 5,175 1,745 1,455 1,375 1,380 1,305 1,270 22,990 19

24 Household income Median household income and trends for the Credit River Watershed and province are presented in Table 12 and Figure 9. Median household income 9 for the Credit River Watershed as a whole was just above $90,000 in East Credit River had the highest median household income (just above $120,000), followed by Caledon Creek (just above $112,000) and Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham (just above $109,000). Median household income was the lowest in subwatershed Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) at just above $68,000. The trend in household income over time shows that the median household income in the Watershed increased from just over $63,000 in 1995 to just over $90,000 in 2005, a 30% increase 11. Levi Creek had the largest percentage change (45%) increase and Churchville Tributary the smallest percentage change between 1995 and The level and growth of median household income for the Watershed was higher than the province overall. Ontario s median household income was estimated at $60,455 in 2005 and increased only by 9.0% between 1995 and 2005 (Statistics Canada, 2008a). 9 The median is the middle of a distribution: half of the observations are above the median and half are below the median. The median is less sensitive to extreme observations than the mean (average) and this makes it a better measure than mean for highly skewed distributions (observations) in this type of analysis. The mean household income in the Watershed was just over $109,000 in 2005; in Ontario the mean household income was just more than $91, Data for household income are reported for the year preceding the census year. 11 The income reported is in nominal value so the percentage changes reflect changes in nominal values not real values. 20

25 Table 12: Median Household Income in the Watershed, $CDN Median Household Subwatershed Income 12 Percentage Change Loyalist Creek 64,810 79,078 85,904 22% 9% 25% Carolyn Creek 58,897 69,749 82,873 18% 19% 29% Sawmill Creek 68,682 77,698 88,570 13% 14% 22% Mullett Creek 67,115 79,310 87,351 18% 10% 23% Fletcher`s Creek 54,373 63,701 76,834 17% 21% 29% Levi Creek 54,883 94,418 99,944 72% 6% 45% Huttonville Creek n/a* 86,168 77,373 n/a -10% n/a Norval to Port Credit 59,444 69,512 84,159 n/a 21% n/a Black Creek 61,620 75,033 95,918 n/a 28% n/a Silver Creek 67,042 78,859 91,457 18% 16% 27% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 68,077 88, ,438 30% 14% 32% East Credit River 77,007 92, ,259 20% 30% 36% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 53,587 61,980 78,564 16% 27% 32% West Credit River 64,086 73,887 95,840 15% 30% 33% Caledon Creek 77,473 97, ,671 26% 16% 31% Shaw`s Creek 59,397 78,441 82,212 32% 5% 28% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit n/a n/a 87,676 n/a n/a n/a Orangeville 57,771 67,750 80,695 17% 19% 28% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 66,976 92, ,749 39% 18% 39% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 66,593 78,855 94,576 18% 20% 30% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 50,358 60,322 68,097 20% 13% 26% Springbrook Tributary n/a n/a 93,434 n/a n/a n/a Churchville Tributary 66,268 69,727 78,626 5% 13% 16% Credit River 63,223 77,878 90,140 23% 16% 30% * n/a: Does not represent missing data, but is a limitation of the DA allocation rules (See methodology and data limitation discussion on page 2). Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, Data for household income are reported for the year preceding the census year. 13 The income reported is in nominal value so the percentage changes reflect changes in nominal values not real values. 21

26 Figure 9: Median Household Income in the Watershed and Ontario $100,000 $90,000 $80,000 $70,000 $60,000 $50,000 $40,000 $30,000 $20,000 $10,000 $ Watershed Ontario Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, 2006 Figure 10 presents the proportion of households in the Credit River Watershed by range of household income reported in A large percentage (36%) of households in the Credit River Watershed had an income of $100,000 or more. Another 15% of households had an income between $80,000 and $100,000. Only a few households (approximately 6%) reported having an income below $20,000 (Statistics Canada, 2008a). Figure 10: Household Income Distribution in the Watershed, 2006 Census 22

27 Table 13 and Figure 11 break down the composition of household income and its trends for the Watershed. Of the total household income generated in 2005, almost 74% was from employment income and 10% from government transfers 14. The proportion of government transfers as a source of household income was slightly higher for the Watershed compared to the province as a whole, at 8.8%. Within the Credit River Watershed, Huttonville Creek, Springbrook Tributary and Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham had the highest proportion of employment income, 91.7%, 88% and 87.3% respectively. The percentage of employment income was the smallest (36.7%) for Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams. There was a slight change in the composition of household income in the Credit River Watershed between 1996 and The proportion of employment income declined from 84.7% in 1996 to 74.6% in 2006 and government transfers increased from 8.1% in 1996 to 10.4% In contrast, the percentage of government transfers for Ontario declined from 11.2% in 1996 to 8.8% in 2006 (Statistics Canada, 2008a). Table 13: Composition of Household Income in the Watershed, Census 2006 Subwatershed Employment Income (%) Government Transfers (%) Other (%) Loyalist Creek Carolyn Creek Sawmill Creek Mullett Creek Fletcher`s Creek Levi Creek Huttonville Creek Norval to Port Credit Black Creek Silver Creek Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams East Credit River Credit Glen Williams to Norval West Credit River Caledon Creek Shaw`s Creek Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit Orangeville Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) Springbrook Tributary Churchville Tributary Credit River Government transfer payments refer to total income from all transfer payments received from federal, provincial or municipal governments. This variable is the sum of the amounts reported in: the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement, benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, benefits from Employment Insurance, Canada Child Tax benefits and other income from government sources (Statistics Canada, 2001h). 23

28 Figure 11: Change in the Composition of Income in the Watershed, Census Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, 2006 Labour Force and Employment The size of the labour force in the Watershed was estimated to be 431,825 in 2006, up by 35% from what it was in Growth in the labour force reflects growth in the population of people aged 15 years or older in the Watershed over the same period. Both the employment rate 15 and unemployment rate changed only slightly between 1996 and The employment rate increased slightly from 67.1% in 1996 to 67.6% in 2006 and the unemployment rate declined from 5.6% in 1996 to 4.5%. The number of persons not in the labour force also increased to 167,675 in 2006 from 120,345 in 1996, a 39% increase. As a result, the participation rate decreased slightly from 73% in 1996 to 72% in The employment rate (62.8%) and participation rate (67.1%) were slightly lower for Ontario in 2006 compared to the Watershed (Statistics Canada, 2008a). The percentage of population not in the labour force (45%) was higher for Ontario in 2006 compared to the Watershed. The number of persons not in the labour force in Ontario was estimated at 5,477,611, up 8% from what it was in Within the Credit River Watershed, Levi Creek had the highest employment rate (76.6%), followed by Shaw`s Creek (74.1%). Huttonville Creek had the lowest employment rate (62.5%), and Springbrook Tributary had the highest unemployment rate (5.9%). 15 Employment rate refers to the number of persons employed in the week prior to Census Day, expressed as a percentage of the total population 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Unemployment rate refers to the unemployed expressed as a percentage of the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day (Statistics Canada, 2006a). 24

29 Table 14: Change in Labour Force and Employment Rate in the Watershed, Labour force 320, , ,825 Employment rate 67.1% 69.7% 67.6% Unemployment rate 5.6% 3.7% 4.5% Not in Labour force 120, , ,675 Population 15 years and over 440, , ,500 Participation rate 16 73% 73% 72% Source: Statistics Canada, Census, 1996, 2001, 2006 Table 15: Employment Rate in the Watershed, 2006 Subwatershed Population 15 Employed Unemployed Not in labour force years & over % of total % of total % of total Loyalist Creek 19, % 5.1% 30.6% Carolyn Creek 16, % 4.5% 27.7% Sawmill Creek 36, % 4.8% 27.4% Mullett Creek 62, % 4.0% 25.8% Fletcher`s Creek 89, % 4.9% 26.2% Levi Creek 3, % 4.1% 19.3% Huttonville Creek % 3.1% 34.4% Norval to Port Credit 116, % 4.6% 28.6% Black Creek 13, % 3.0% 24.9% Silver Creek 16, % 3.3% 25.6% Credit Cheltenham to Glen Williams 2, % 3.5% 29.1% East Credit River 1, % 1.6% 30.1% Credit Glen Williams to Norval 2, % 1.2% 29.4% West Credit River 5, % 3.2% 25.3% Caledon Creek 1, % 1.5% 26.7% Shaw`s Creek 2, % 3.0% 22.7% Credit Melville to Forks of the Credit % 3.2% 26.3% Orangeville 21, % 3.5% 26.1% Credit Forks of the Credit to Cheltenham 1, % 2.8% 27.6% Lake Ontario Shoreline(21) 40, % 3.8% 29.4% Lake Ontario Shoreline(22) 129, % 4.9% 30.6% Springbrook Tributary 1, % 5.9% 20.5% Churchville Tributary 12, % 5.0% 27.0% Credit River 599, % 4.5% 28.0% 16 Participation rate - Refers to the number of persons in the labour force in the week (Sunday to Saturday) prior to Census Day, expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. 25