National Competitiveness Report and Sub- National Competitiveness Index. Chika Mordi CEO, National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria

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1 National Competitiveness Report and Sub- National Competitiveness Index Chika Mordi CEO, National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria

2 This work is a product of The National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN). Note that The NCCN does not necessarily own each component of the content included in the work and as much as possible done due attribution to the source. The NCCN therefore does not warrant that the use of the content contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The NCCN s Governing Council, or the organizations they represent. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- copying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the NCCN 2

3 CONTENTS 4 6 Partner institutions Preface 8 12 Overview: National and Sub-National Competitiveness - What is competitiveness? - Nigeria: A case for competitiveness - Objectives - Measuring Competitiveness Methodology - Introduction - Household survey summary - Business survey summary - Administrative data Collection Pillar snapshots Sub-National Competitiveness Rankings State of States Guidelines for Computation Members of the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria Board References 3

4 PARTNER INSTITUTIONS The National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria [NCCN] would like to acknowledge and thank its valued Partner Institutes and contributors. Without your support, we would not realize Nigeria s National Competitiveness Report and Sub-National Competitiveness Index: Ford Foundation Tony Elumelu Foundation The Mexican Institute for Competitiveness AC IMCO Imco.org.mx National Bureau of Statistics - Nigeria Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit [GIZ] 4

5 The National Competitiveness Report and Subnational Competitiveness Index is published by National Competitiveness council of Nigeria [NCCN]. Matthias Chika Mordi CEO Project Team Chuka Anietie-Effiong Project lead and Head of Operations NCCN Secretariat Nonso Obikili Project lead, PHD Economist, Research- Subnational Index Contributors We would also like to thank Danlami Gomwalk Nneka Ekwuozor Nihan Siriklioglu Katherine Hudak Oreoluwa George-Taylor Olufemi Johnson Obafunke Braithwaite Adedoyin Lawal Eberechukwu Ebere Ibukunoluwa Akinride Adanna Monde Innocent Onyedi Abdullahi Adesola Fagbenro Analyst This project was a true team effort. Copyright 2017 by the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without the prior permission of the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria. 5

6 PREFACE The past few years have presented with cataclysmic changes for Nigeria s socio-economic realities. The country witnessed radical changes in the political, social and economic systems: Downward spiralling oil prices, a historic - if attrition (Schultz, 1961.) - election, and an increasing insurgency in the North- East welcomed the new administration. Alongside a number of emerging economies, Nigeria has faced a number of challenges that have exposed fundamental weaknesses in the country s ability to chart today's choppy waters. It has become abundantly clear that resource and endowment based growth cannot sustain indefinitely and is highly cyclical given the global dynamics. Many countries have started to pivot towards a market driven growth that is inclusive and predicated on a competitiveness model that focuses on productivity of businesses that operate in that country. The ability of the country to meet the citizens socioeconomic needs increasingly depends on its ability to attract and retain investments that support increasing the productivity of businesses that operate in that country. In Nigeria's Federal system, Sub-National governments [state and local] play a critical role in the competitiveness - or lack thereof - of businesses operating in Nigeria. The federal government's visible role in aggregating and distributing rents from the Nation's common wealth has shielded state and local governments from their shared responsibility in our development. In some ways, the sub-national arm of the government is more critical as they more closely interact with key economic actors and citizens. They are therefore critical to the productivity of domestic businesses. Unfortunately, states are not held to the same standards of accountability and responsibility as the Federal government despite the fact that collectively they control a larger portion of the government revenue. The NCCN s National Competitiveness Report and Sub-National Competitiveness Index was conceived as a tool to critically examine key areas that shackle a state s potential to create collective prosperity. The index is designed to measure, motivate and ultimately drive the required policy changes. A wellcrafted monitoring and evaluation tool will motivate the key Sub-National actors by bringing in some degree of scrutiny and an incentive to both learn and compete with peers. I have vocally maintained that Nigeria s biggest asset is not petroleum and challenged the popular narrative that Nigeria s poor economic outcomes are primarily due to mismanagement of oil revenues. In fact, I posit that oil remains more of an obstacle to anabolic business growth than a catalyst for sustainable development. Nigeria s largest asset is the raging entrepreneurship spirit that dwells in its 6

7 citizens. The primary determinant of the pace of Nigeria s development, inclusive growth and ultimately poverty reduction is our ability to unshackle local entrepreneurship from the chains of arcane policies and predatory action of bureaucrats. Shifting the paradigm on public policy to a symbiosis between the private and public sector. This will go some way towards addressing the country s inequality challenge. This project is over two years in the making. We would not be able to deliver the final product without the consistent support from the Ford Foundation through the project s original time and extension. I would also be remiss not to properly acknowledge the incredible support we received from the Tony Elumelu Foundation. They served as an incubator for the NCCN in the early days and have continued to support Nigeria s competitiveness ecosystem. I am glad that this is finally concluded and we can chart the next phase by engaging with States Governments using evidence based metrics. This report would not be feasible without the NCCN s governing council and working groups. Together they form a network of over 50 industry leaders, leading academics, opinion leaders and experts on Competitiveness that provided key insights and thought leadership to the NCCN secretariat and project team. I would like to acknowledge the efforts of project leaders Chuka Anietie Effiong and Nonso Obikili, as well as the rest of the team for their contribution. Any attempt to rank states is bound to be controversial as there will always be winners and losers. The report is by no means perfect; however, we have remained unbiased in our scientific approach taking into cognizance the replicability and consistency of our chosen methodology with international best practice. We hope you find the report useful and are committed to relentlessly working to improve the utility value of the report for each stakeholder in the nascent competitiveness ecosystem. Matthias Chika Mordi, CEO, National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN). 7

8 OVERVIEW: NATIONAL & SUB-NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS The global economy's recovery from the last economic crisis in 2009 has been tepid at best. Emerging market economies are particularly vulnerable to tapering demand for many of their export products, volatile commodity prices, and foreign investment receipts. The dynamic nature of the new challenge facing the emerging economies has increased the importance of the concept of competitiveness. Competitive economies are fully cognizant of the factors that drive and support the productivity of the businesses that operate within its environment. The World Economic Forum [WEF] has worked over the last four decades to promulgate the concept of competitiveness. The annual The Global Competitiveness Report release has become a mainstay in policy discourse. What is Competitiveness? There have been several attempts at explaining competitiveness. the set of institutions, policies, and factors that determine the level of productivity of a country. The level of productivity, in turn, sets the level of prosperity that can be reached by an economy World Economic Forum (WEF) 1 Competitiveness is a measure of a country s advantage or disadvantage in selling its products in international markets Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 2 A nation s competitiveness depends on the capacity of its industry to innovate and upgrade. Companies gain advantage against the world s best competitors because of pressure and challenge Michael Porter 3 The tenets underpinning competitiveness have gained widespread acceptance in governance and public policy circles. What is clear is that any attempt to articulate a competitiveness policy or agenda must be predicated on institutions that support the capacity for a country to be productive with its endowments and the factors of production it can 1 Global Competitiveness Report (2017). Methodology. [online] Available at: [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. 2 Directorate, O. (2017). OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms - Competitiveness (in international trade) Definition. [online] Stats.oecd.org. Available at: [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. 3 Harvard Business Review. (2017). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. [online] Available at: [Accessed 6 Nov. 2017]. 8

9 provide or attract. Competitiveness, innovation and productivity are intrinsically linked in economic discourse. The concept of competitiveness also lends itself to supporting market led solution and providing an enabling environment for businesses. In a Federalism, the country s competitiveness is dependent on; the macroeconomic environment set out by the monetary and fiscal policies of that country; the microeconomic competitiveness determined by the quality of innovation and competition at the level of firms and clusters present in the different States; the country s natural endowments. has neither been evenly distributed nor markedly improved the living standards for majority of the country s population. In Nigeria s case, there has been a historical overdependence on the rents from the sale of the county s inherited prosperity 7 - Oil. This is limited by the extent of the country s natural endowments. The federal government plays a central role in the division and distribution of these revenues to the other tiers of government. Nigeria: A Case for Competitiveness The past two decades has seen the Nigerian economy record significant growth. At least until the recent economic developments purportedly precipitated by a fall in oil prices. The country s economy grew on average six percent from the return of democracy 4 in 1999 with a range of reforms that facilitated a greater degree of economic freedoms - surpassing the average of the previous two decades. This is a marked improvement on the roughly two percent growth, and zero percent per capita growth between 1980 and This economic growth, viewed in the context of a population growing at approximately three percent 6, Source: world bank. Oil continues to dominate Nigeria s economic realities. However, the country must begin to recognize the inherent limitations of the oil industry s capacity to create jobs and engineer the productivity required to bring millions out of poverty and create a shared prosperity. If all the oil export revenue from the sale of crude oil in 2016 was shared equally to all Nigerian citizens, each citizen would 4 World Bank GDP Data Set 5 World Bank GDP per Capita Data Set 6 IMF Data Set 7 NCCN analysis 9

10 receive approximately $150 - Less than a Dollar a day. Nigeria faces a well-documented overdependence on oil for fiscal revenue that has stifled incentives for private sector growth and remains insufficient for sustainable poverty reduction. According to OPEC s annual statistical bulletin, the oil and gas sector in Nigeria accounts for about 35 per cent of gross domestic product and petroleum exports revenue represents over 90 per cent of total exports revenue. In the last 4 years, Oil contributed over 60% of Government revenue ( %, %, %, %) according to the National Bureau of Statistics GDP report [ ]. According to the World Bank s national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data, gross capital formation as a percentage of GDP remain inadequate for growth compared to other emerging economies (Algeria 51%, Mexico - 23%, South Africa - 21%, Nigeria - 15%). Operational costs are high, the lack of adequate infrastructure constitutes a binding constraint for manufacturing and agriculture, and structural rigidities suffocate diversification and industrialization efforts. Perhaps the most disturbing aspect of today s context is Nigeria s rising youth population, which is an unutilized demographic window of opportunity that is fast turning to a ticking demographic bomb in the form of a massive army of unemployed youths. NBS population statistics indicate that 62.27% of Nigeria s population is under the age of 25. Countries such as the US, China, Japan, and South Korea achieved economic growth and poverty reduction by exploiting a similar demographic window of opportunity. States and municipalities have taken on increased import with regards to productivity and growth. The Federal government retains primacy in directing policies that impact businesses. The reality is, state and local governments often play an unrecognized role in shaping the business environment. This is especially evident when we examine the revenue distribution formula, social contract and ability to create policies that directly impact business operating, innovation and expansion capacity. Objectives This report aims to improve the discourse on the relative performance of states in Nigeria. In designing the index, we paid particular attention to the replicability of the process and constraints in acquiring data annually to track changes in competitiveness across states. The objective of this report is to examine the disparities in socioeconomic realities among states as well as encourage leaders and policy-makers at the Sub-National levels to focus on competitiveness. The NCCN conceived the project to critically examine key areas that can shackle a state potential to create collective prosperity. The index is designed to measure, motivate and ultimately drive the required policy changes. A well-crafted monitoring and 10

11 evaluation tool will motivate the key Sub-National actors by bringing in some degree of scrutiny and competition. This project ultimately facilitates our ability to guide targeted interventions aimed at building capacity of states to address the competitiveness weaknesses. Measuring competitiveness Although economic performance depends on an almost infinite number of factors, there are certain base factors which are known to influence, or limit, economic outcomes. In measuring competitiveness, we attempt to capture and understand these factors which influence or limit the capacity of any particular place to maximize productivity potential and performance. From this perspective, the report focuses on four key thematic areas known to influence the capacity of a given place to achieve its potential: Human capital 8 Infrastructure 9 Institutions 10 Economy 11. We readily acknowledge that influencers of economic performance cannot be limited to just these four areas. There are a multitude of other factors that influence socioeconomic outcomes, quality of life and capacity to pull people out of poverty. These four areas have been demonstrated to be some of the more significant indicators. They are also indicators that can be compared across states in a consistent manner. 8 Schultz, T. W Investment in Human Capital. The American Economic Review 51 (1): Browne, C., A. Di Battista, T. Geiger, and T. Gutknecht The Executive Opinion Survey: The Voice of the Business Community. The Global Competitiveness Report Geneva: World Economic Forum WEF/GCI World Forum Calculations World Trade Organization, Online Statistics Database, International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Data bases 11 Corruption and Economic Growth (2001) - Mo, Pak Hung - Journal of Comparative Economics 11

12 METHODOLOGY Household Survey The National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN) worked with the Nextzon Business Services (Nextzon) to conduct a Household Survey across all 36 states and the FCT. The NCCN developed indicators to assess various factors which were considered important for competitiveness at the household level within the states. It integrates socioeconomic data and opinions on the state of various infrastructure to form a holistic view that assesses institutions, policies and factors that determine the economic potential of businesses comparable across regions. The survey was designed to provide insight into the opinions of households across the different regions in Nigeria. Survey Design The NCCN compiled a series of question to extract information on the various indicators of competitiveness across the states. The survey was grouped into two categories; the first set of questions examined the demographics of the households surveyed. The second set of questions extracted the opinions of the households on the various competitiveness measures and indicators. This included questions on the size of the household, the level of education of members of the household, and migratory background of the household. The survey also included various questions seeking the opinions of the household on the availability of health care, economic factors, infrastructure, ease of access to government services, security, corruption and transparency, gender and related matters, access to finance, and tax issues. Coverage The survey was conducted in the thirty-six (36) states of the federation and FCT, Abuja. States were split into enumeration areas which were randomly selected. A systematic random sample system was adopted in selecting households from each enumeration area. For urban areas, every tenth household from the enumeration area was surveyed. For rural areas, every fifth household in the enumeration area was surveyed. A total of 185 enumeration areas across the 36 states plus FCT were surveyed. This resulted in sample of 8,147 households. Challenges The poor state of the roads made the journey to most of the rural areas challenging. Major transporters along the survey routes indicated that the state of the roads was a key factor behind the high cost of transport fare to the various locations. Poor GSM network signal in a number of rural locations slowed down the capturing of GPS 12

13 coordinates and real-time upload of responses to the cloud database. This also made it challenging for survey enumerators to complete their report and send to the project lead team as scheduled. Most respondents were evasive when responding to certain questions on the questionnaire especially questions on Tax and Corruption. Business Survey In January 2017, the National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN) collaborated with the National Bureau of Statistics [NBS] to conduct a Business Climate Survey. The NCCN and NBS developed indicators to be utilized in assessing the potential for growth across regions. It integrates both macroeconomic and socioeconomic data to form a holistic index that assesses institutions, policies and factors that determine the economic potential of businesses comparable across regions. This index is expected to evaluate all the 36 states and the FCT based on Four identified pillars that will assess the socio economic and business environments in these states: Human Capital, Infrastructure, Economy and Institutions. The exercise is expected to complement efforts of the Federal Government to create an enabling business environment for Domestic and International investors. The survey was designed to provide insight into the challenges businesses face across the different regions in Nigeria. Survey Design Data for the project was sourced in 3 ways - i. Data was sourced from the existing NBS database of indicators. This includes Indicators such as Gross Domestic Product, Consumer Prices and Labour Statistics ii. Administrative data was also collected from line ministries and across the states using the National Bureau of Statistics robust system of administrative data collection. Under the framework, relevant indicators such as health and education data were obtained. iii. A small business survey was carried out to plug any data gaps and to collect information from business operators on their experiences conducting business in their various locations. Coverage The survey was conducted in the thirty-six (36) states of the federation and FCT, Abuja. Private establishments were covered in all the thirty-six (36) States and Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja and its selection cut across all sectors of the economy. Scope (Small Business Survey) The scope of the study covered the following areas: Employment Size Skills Assessment 13

14 Availability of Health Care Economic Factors Infrastructure Ease of Access to Government Service Security Corruption & Transparency Gender and Related Matters Access to finance Tax laws Etc. Sample Design (Small Business Survey) Two thousand (2000) private establishments were randomly selected for survey exercise across the 36 States and FCT Abuja; using probability proportional to size (PPS) within each sector. Survey Instruments (Small Business Survey) The following survey instruments were used: List of selected establishments Establishment Questionnaire Instruction manual The list of selected establishments was used to locate targeted establishments, Questionnaires were also used to elicit information from selected establishments and instruction manual was developed to serve as reference material for the field staff. Fieldwork Arrangement for Data Collection An interviewer in each State and FCT, Abuja covered an average of 8 and maximum of 15 establishments, Fieldwork lasted for twelve (15) days. The number of enumerators varies across the states depending on the number of sample allocated to each state. Monitoring of Fieldwork Data collection was monitored by six Zonal controllers and all the state officers, both monitored their respective zones and states for the period of the survey. While, trainers from NBS Headquarters stayed for four days to monitor the commencement of the exercise. Retrieval of Records All completed questionnaires were submitted to the state officers. After proper checking, the state officers batched and sent all the retrieved records to Field Services and Methodology department that were later forwarded to ICT department for data processing. Data Processing/Analysis The data processing/analysis was done by officers in the ICT department using census and survey program (CSPro) to process the data and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to carry out analysis of the processed data. 14

15 As indicated in the methodology, two thousand (2000) private establishments were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) approach for this exercise in the 36 states and FCT, Abuja. Out of this number, 1820 establishments responded to the survey which represents 91.0 per cent response rate, with the remaining nine per cent unresponsive. Administrative data collection Administrative data was collected from line MDAs as well as state statistical agencies across the country. Request letters were sent out to these MDAs requesting for relevant indicators, follow up visit and calls were made to ensure that the data were collected. Some of the Indicators collected include: o o o o o o o o o o o State Internally Generated Revenue Federal Allocations to States Consumer Prices Index Civil Service Staff Capacity Telecommunication Statistics Labour Force Statistics Bank Credit and Deposits Data Education Statistics Judiciary Statistics Security and Crime Statistics Aviation Statistics 15

16 PILLAR SNAPSHOT I. Human Capital investments in human capital that people make. For The first pillar captures what is perhaps the most important factor driving the competitiveness of a state - the capacity of the people living there. Human capital measures the skill, knowledge, competencies, and other attributes that facilitate or constrain the productivity of the people. Places with higher levels of human capital can harness the region s inherited endowment and attract the requisite resources to achieve higher productivity and subsequently, a higher standard of living. In this context, we capture four different sets of indicators that together encompass the level of human capital in the state. First, we examine data that speaks to the level and quality of education in the state. These indicators jointly measure the skill set of the population in the state, as well as the systems for improving the skill set. We include data on rates of enrolment, pass rates for standardized examinations, perception of quality of the state s education system, and the education of workers and households. Secondly, we collected data on the healthcare systems and medical infrastructure within the state. Healthcare is a critical element that supports the quality of human capital as it encapsulates not just the capacity of people in the state to attain their optimal productive potential, but also influences the instance, regardless of their skill set, individuals with compromised health are unable attain their optimal levels of productivity. Individuals who expect to live longer due to better health are also expected to make more investments in their skills as they anticipate being able to obtain returns on their investments over a longer lifespan. To this end, we capture indicators that examine the quality and availability of healthcare in the state. These indicators include proximity to hospitals, availability of health insurance, and the perception of the quality of healthcare systems. The third sub pillar of human capital centres on the ability of a particular place to attract human capital from elsewhere. The level of human capital in a particular state is as important as the systems for improving human capital. However, it is also true that human capital exists elsewhere. The ability of a state to attract people is a strong indicator of the perceived competitiveness of that region. We captured the attractiveness of the state in terms of attracting human capital from other sub regions. Specifically, we measured the fraction of individuals, (from a randomly sampled survey), that were born outside the state being assessed. 16

17 STATE RANK State Score Rank Score Rank State ABIA KANO ADAMAWA KATSINA AKWA IBOM KEBBI ANAMBRA KOGI BAUCHI KWARA BAYELSA LAGOS BENUE NASARAWA BORNO NIGER CROSS RIVER OGUN DELTA ONDO EBONYI OSUN EDO OYO EKITI PLATEAU ENUGU RIVERS FCT SOKOTO GOMBE TARABA IMO YOBE JIGAWA ZAMFARA KADUNA

18 SUB-PILLARS Education Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Health Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

19 Migration Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Other Labour Market Issues Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

20 II. Infrastructure The second pillar is focused on infrastructure and its role in competitiveness and productivity. Infrastructure is fundamental to enabling growth and development. The level of Infrastructure in a state is key to enhancing a market s accessibility and capacity for expansion, as well as facilitate interactions between people and businesses both within and outside the state. We capture a variety of indicators that describe the state of various types of key infrastructure within a state. We present data on the quality of road infrastructure in the state, as well as the associated transport costs for moving people and goods within and beyond the state. We capture data that speaks to the accessibility and availability of electricity supply, as well as the various issues surrounding the electricity sector. We also collect data on alternative energy storage and use. There are other forms of infrastructure that have proven critical to enabling state competitiveness. Access to air transport, for both domestic and international destinations, availability and speed of telecoms services, access to water supply, and the level of organization of waste management. 20

21 STATE RANK State Score Rank Score Rank State ABIA KANO ADAMAWA KATSINA AKWA IBOM KEBBI ANAMBRA KOGI BAUCHI KWARA BAYELSA LAGOS BENUE NASARAWA BORNO NIGER CROSS RIVER OGUN DELTA ONDO EBONYI OSUN EDO OYO EKITI PLATEAU ENUGU RIVERS FCT SOKOTO GOMBE TARABA IMO YOBE JIGAWA ZAMFARA KADUNA

22 SUB-PILLARS Quality of Roads Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Electricity Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

23 Airports Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Telecoms Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

24 Water Management Service Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Waste Management Service Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

25 III. Economy The third pillar focuses on macroeconomic issues and state government finances. Macroeconomic stability is a key part of growth and competitiveness. Core issues such as exchange rate stability, low inflation, and debt sustainability are a key part of policies that foster the optimum conditions for economic growth. Although macroeconomic stability is typically discussed at the Federal level, there are implications for macroeconomic stability at the state level. The key difference being the absence of unique currency discussions for states. We however attempt to capture other macroeconomic factors which enhance or limit the capacity of states to optimize performance. We compiled the latest available estimates of state population to get a sense of the relative size of potential economic actors within each state. We examined data on the revenue profiles of the states relative to their size. This is combined with data on tax compliance, tax burden and other tax issues. We include data on the debt burden of the state, as well as measures of debt sustainability. Finally, we compile data on access to finance, net savings and investments, and the level of business sophistication. All these indicators provide a sense for the size and nature of the state s economy, government s capacity to generate taxes and debt sustainability. 25

26 STATE RANK State Score Rank Score Rank State ABIA KANO ADAMAWA KATSINA AKWA IBOM KEBBI ANAMBRA KOGI BAUCHI KWARA BAYELSA LAGOS BENUE NASARAWA BORNO NIGER CROSS RIVER OGUN DELTA ONDO EBONYI OSUN EDO OYO EKITI PLATEAU ENUGU RIVERS FCT SOKOTO GOMBE TARABA IMO YOBE JIGAWA ZAMFARA KADUNA

27 SUB-PILLARS State Finances Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Business Sophistication Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

28 Access to Finance Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Tax Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

29 IV. Institution The last pillar focuses on institutions. This refers to the rules and norms that govern how society organizes and operates in a particular state. The history of Nigeria s ethnic and geographical diversity implies that different states are organized according to differing social structures and cultural norms. We try to capture the institutional differences across states by focusing on a standardized set of measures for institutional quality, and other related outcomes. We capture measures that highlight the relative levels of security, terrorist activity, riots, unrest, and other crimes, across the states. We also capture subjective measures on the costs of terrorism, crime, and violence. We include indicators of state government policy transparency and transparency in government contracting, bribery and corruption, the ease of government processes- such as getting permits and licenses, the protection of private property, and the administration of justice. These various measures capture the relative quality of institutions across states. 29

30 STATE RANK State Score Rank Score Rank State ABIA KANO ADAMAWA KATSINA AKWA IBOM KEBBI ANAMBRA KOGI BAUCHI KWARA BAYELSA LAGOS BENUE NASARAWA BORNO NIGER CROSS RIVER OGUN DELTA ONDO EBONYI OSUN EDO OYO EKITI PLATEAU ENUGU RIVERS FCT SOKOTO GOMBE TARABA IMO YOBE JIGAWA ZAMFARA KADUNA

31 SUB-PILLARS Security and Instability Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Transparency Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

32 Bribery and Corruption Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Permits Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

33 Government Policy and Contracting Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA Justice Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank ABIA EBONYI KANO ONDO ADAMAWA EDO KATSINA OSUN AKWA IBOM EKITI KEBBI OYO ANAMBRA ENUGU KOGI PLATEAU BAUCHI FCT KWARA RIVERS BAYELSA GOMBE LAGOS SOKOTO BENUE IMO NASARAWA TARABA BORNO JIGAWA NIGER YOBE CROSS RIVER KADUNA OGUN ZAMFARA DELTA

34 SUB-NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS RANKINGS State Score Rank Score Rank State ABIA KANO ADAMAWA KATSINA AKWA IBOM KEBBI ANAMBRA KOGI BAUCHI KWARA BAYELSA LAGOS BENUE NASARAWA BORNO NIGER CROSS RIVER OGUN DELTA ONDO EBONYI OSUN EDO OYO EKITI PLATEAU ENUGU RIVERS FCT SOKOTO GOMBE TARABA IMO YOBE JIGAWA ZAMFARA KADUNA

35 STATE OF STATES ABIA: 3 rd Best areas Education 1 Justice 2 Business Sophistication 7 Worst areas Transparency 27 Electricity 31 Quality of Roads 31 Key Indicators Population Total ,727,347 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

36 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS. Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business sophistication Transparency Migration Airports Access to finance Other Labour Market Issues Bribery & Corruption Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

37 ADAMAWA 31 st Best areas Other Labour Market Issues 6 Access to Finance 6 Justice 6 Worst areas Transparency 32 Waste 34 Airports 34 Key Indicators Population Total ,248,436 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

38 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business sophistication Transparency Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

39 AKWA IBOM 13 th Best areas Justice 1 Water 2 Quality of Roads 4 Worst areas Security & Instability 33 Transparency 33 Other Labour Market Issues 36 Key Indicators Population Total ,482,177 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

40 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Other Telecoms Tax Permits Labour Market Issues Water Government Management Services Policy and Contracting Waste management services Justice

41 ANAMBRA 12 th Best areas Education 3 Permits 5 State Finances 6 Worst areas Access to Finance 36 Govt Policy & Contracting 37 Bribery & Corruption 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,527,809 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

42 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Health Migration Other Labour Market Issues Quality of roads Electricity Airports Telecoms Water Management Services Waste management services State finances Business sophistication Access to finance Tax Security & Instability Transparency Bribery & Corruption Permits Government Policy and Contracting Justice

43 BAUCHI 27 th Best areas Bribery and Corruption 2 Transparency 4 Quality of Roads 11 Worst areas Health 32 Permits 32 Telecoms 33 Key Indicators Population Total ,537,314 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

44 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Health Migration Other Labour Market Issues Quality of roads Electricity 30 Airports Telecoms Water Management Services State finances Business sophistication Access to finance Tax Security & Instability Transparency Bribery & Corruption 24 Permits Government Policy and Contracting Waste management services Justice

45 BAYELSA 24 th Best areas Water Management Services 3 Other Labour Market Issues 5 Govt Policy & Contracting 5 Worst areas State Finances 35 Security & Stability 36 Electricity 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,277,961 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

46 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

47 BENUE 20 th Best areas Electricity 1 Security & Instability 3 Quality of Roads 6 Worst areas Justice 30 Bribery & Corruption 32 Other Labour Issues 34 Key Indicators Population Total ,741,81 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

48 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

49 BORNO 36 th Best areas State Finance 7 Permits 11 Water Management Services 13 Worst areas Security & Stability 34 Govt Policy & Contracting 35 Justice 36 Key Indicators Population Total ,860,130 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability

50 Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

51 CROSS RIVER 17 th Best areas Justice 4 Govt Policy & Contracting 7 Water Management Services 8 Worst areas State Finances 33 Transparency 35 Electricity 36 Key Indicators Population Total ,866,269 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

52 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS. Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Telecoms Tax Permits Other Labour Market Issues Water Management Services Government Policy and Contracting Waste management services Justice

53 DELTA 2 nd Best areas Migration 2 Business Sophistication 4 Telecoms 4 Worst areas Quality of Roads 29 Access to Finance 34 Electricity 35 Key Indicators Population Total ,663,362 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

54 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

55 EBONYI 10 th Best areas Govt Policy & Contracting 1 Other Labour Market Issues 3 Security & Instability 4 Worst areas Permits 28 Bribery and Corruption 30 Water Management Services 33 Key Indicators Population Total ,880,383 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

56 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

57 EDO 7 th Best areas Education 2 Telecoms 3 Migration 8 Worst areas Security & Instability 28 Electricity 33 Access to Finance 35 Key Indicators Population Total ,235,595 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

58 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

59 EKITI 21 st Best areas Tax 2 Govt Policy & Contracting 4 Health 6 Worst areas Water Management Services 32 State Finances 34 Business Sophistication 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,270,789 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

60 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

61 ENUGU 8 th Best areas Airports 1 Migration 3 Education 5 Worst areas Business Sophistication 29 Bribery and Corruption 31 Water Management Services 36 Key Indicators Population Total ,411,100 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS 61

62 Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to Bribery & finance Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

63 GOMBE 37 th Best areas Quality of Roads 5 Bribery & Corruption 9 Security & Stability 14 Worst areas Waste Management Services 36 Education 36 Health 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,256,962 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

64 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

65 IMO 28 th Best areas Airports 6 Education 9 Security & Instability 10 Worst areas Waste Management Service 33 Bribery & Corruption 34 Health 35 Key Indicators Population Total ,408,756 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

66 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

67 JIGAWA 16 th Best areas Quality of Roads 1 Transparency 2 Security & Stability 2 Worst areas Business Sophistication 36 Tax 37 Telecoms 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,828,163 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

68 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

69 KADUNA 30 th Best areas Telecoms 7 Electricity 7 Transparency 14 Worst areas Security & Instability 30 Quality of Road 33 Permits 34 Key Indicators Population Total ,252,366 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

70 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

71 KANO 23 rd Best areas Airports 1 Govt Policy & Contracting 1 Bribery and corruption 4 Worst areas Education 29 Justice 32 Permits 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,076,892 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

72 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

73 KATSINA 29 th Best areas Transparency 1 Business Sophistication 1 Other Labour Issues 2 Worst areas Tax 35 Education 35 Justice 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,831,319 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

74 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

75 KEBBI 22 nd Best areas Bribery and Corruption 1 Tax 1 Electricity 2 Worst areas Health 34 Migration 35 Other Labour Market Issues 36 Key Indicators Population Total ,444,050 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

76 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

77 KOGI 25 th Best areas Tax 4 Security & Instability 5 Education 12 Worst areas Justice 31 Transparency 36 Access to Finance 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,473,490 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

78 Human Capital SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

79 KWARA 34 th Best areas Justice 7 Health 10 Telecoms 11 Worst areas Worst areas Water Management Services 35 Business Sophistication 35 Bribery and Corruption 35 Key Indicators Population Total ,192,893 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators

80 SUMMARY OF INDICATOR RESULTS Human Capital Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Infrastructure Economy Institutions Education Quality of roads State finances Security & Instability Health Electricity Business Transparency sophistication Migration Airports Access to finance Bribery & Corruption Other Labour Market Issues Telecoms Tax Permits Water Management Services Waste management services Government Policy and Contracting Justice

81 LAGOS 1 st Best areas Access to Finance 1 Waste Management Services 1 Airports 1 Worst areas Bribery & Corruption 28 Security & Instability 32 State Finances 37 Key Indicators Population Total ,550,598 Population % under age % Number of LGA Number of Legislators