Three main explanations of inflation. Australian inflation & unemployment: an overview. Three main measures of inflation in Australia
|
|
- Theodora Harvey
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 GENC1 An Introduction Australian inflation : an overview Three main measures of inflation in Australia The consumer price index - or CPI. This the main measure used in media and business transactions. Issued quarterly. Gross non-farm product deflator. This broader than CPI as it includes prices of capital goods and exports, rather than just consumer prices. Thus of greater interest to economists. Issued quarterly in the National Accounts (ABS 5) The "underlying" rate of inflation. This is simply the CPI, with the more volatile prices excluded: eg. petrol, vegetables, government taxes and charges. Issued quarterly. Used for Reserve Bank's inflation target. Three main explanations of inflation In simple terms Keynesian: Inflation simply caused by demand for goods and services outpacing growth in their supply : Monetarist: " Inflation is "always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon". (M. Friedman) ie. unsuitable increases in money supply the cause of inflation Supply-siders: Emphasize cost-push inflation - particularly wage growth Copyright David Clark 1
2 No simple relationship between inflation Australia But note: is lower than early 199s Unemployment(%) ABS Inflation (%) GENC1 An Introduction Why simple wage rise- trade-off story broke-down Supply side shocks - quadrupling of world oil price in sent cost inflation skyrocketing Higher inflation set in. But Phillips Curve had been based on a world where this did not happen - where, if inflation did rise, it would not be expected to remain high. Big policy implication: higher inflation would not guarantee higher growth and lower. Hence, inflation had to be taken more seriously than Keynesians had argued Wage growth the CPI: a close relationship % change on a year earlier Note how crazy wage policy was in early 19s! Average weekly earnings NB: Wage growth> CPI = rise in real wages Consumer price index ABS 3/ Copyright David Clark
3 Main reasons for restraining inflation Inflationary expectations will be kept low, thereby helping to keep interest rates down. (The reason? - the higher the expected inflation rate the greater the interest rate charged.) GENC1 An Introduction. With low inflation, asset prices do not rise as quickly and capital gains are generally less. This should produce reduced interest in purely speculative investment. Lower inflation also reduces the attractiveness of borrowing. In eras of high inflation, such as the late 19s, debt servicing was easier as borrowers were paying back their loans with dollars which were falling sharply in real value. Hurts lower income groups the most Why inflation unlikely to return to late 19s levels Domestic reasons: Sharp rises in service sector productivity from job shedding will restrain cost rises Unions more restrained than 19s losing influence Consumers and business expectations of inflation now much lower than early 199s International: Asian industrialisation sharp fallsin their currencies will keep import price growth low. World manufacturers will keep investing in lowest cost areas. In sum: key reasons for restraining inflation Inflationary expectations will be kept low, thereby helping to keep interest rates down. (The reason? - the higher the expected inflation rate the greater the interest rate charged.) With low inflation, asset prices do not rise as quickly and capital gains are generally less. This should produce reduced interest in purely speculative investment. Lower inflation also reduces the attractiveness of borrowing. In eras of high inflation, such as the late 19s, debt servicing was easier as borrowers were paying back their loans with dollars which were falling sharply in real value. Copyright David Clark 3
4 GENC1 An Introduction Unemployment: key facts trends Unemployment: some views "A recession is when your neighbour is unemployed; a depression is when you too join the dole queue." " The rate of is 1 per cent if it is you that is unemployed". "A man willing to work, and unable to find work, is perhaps the saddest sight that fortune's inequality exhibits under this sun." (Thomas Carlyle, nineteenth century Scottish historian) Unemployment: stocks flows Employed Successful job searchers Laid off Recruits Retirees Drop outs Unemployed Out of workforce New entrants Copyright David Clark
5 Structural Unemployment which is a product of a mismatch between the needs of employers and the skills and training of the labour force. GENC1 An Introduction This can be a product of many factors Frictional Unemployment resulting from the fact that employees must move from one job to another, whenever demand changes from one product - or service - to another. This category of can never be eliminated or reduced to zero Cyclical An excess supply of labour over demand for labour Most marked in recessions and depressions when demand for goods and services falls And demand for labour falls Copyright David Clark 5
6 1 Unemployment has improved dramatically relative to US rate rate, % GENC1 An Introduction 1 Australia Germany USA UK Japan But note: the dramatic improvement relative to US OECD Economic Outlooks Forecasts How is measured In Australia, persons categorised as unemployed are persons aged 15 and over who were not employed during the survey weekand who had:. Actively looked for full-time or part-time work at any time over the previous month or were available for work in the survey week or would have been available except for temporary illness or waiting to start a new job within a month from the survey week and would have started if the job had been available to them or waiting to be called back to a job from which they had been stood down without pay for less than four weeks. Australian different to a decade ago A higher % of the unemployed is now concentrated in the middle-aged groups - lower in under 1 groups. The average duration of is much longer. Female rates did not rise as much in the early 199s downturn as in past recessions and generally have been lower than male. Copyright David Clark
7 Blue collar males suffered biggest retrenchments GENC1 An Introduction Blue-collar men 9 Blue-collar women White-collar men White-collar women ABS Total number of retrenchments, , millions Job growth lags labour force growth Millions of persons Labour force Employment Note gap Year ended June figures 's of persons unemployed Unemployment numbers have fallen,despite rise in workforce Source: RBA Australian Economics Statistics, 199/5 to 199/95/ABS Participation rate rise made it harder to decrease rate 5 % Participation rate 3 NB: trend rise 1 1 MJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDM NB: trending downwards - 1 especially since mid 9s MJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSDMJSD RBA Australian Economics Statistics, 199/5 to 199/95/ABS Copyright David Clark 7
8 Female participation rate rise, meant job creation had to be greater 9 % GENC1 An Introduction Males 7 Note rise Married in married females females rate ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 5 Total females 3 Males ' Married Unmarried Total females females females Data source: RBA Occasional Paper No.. Participation rate = % of working age population either in work or actively seeking it. ' ' Unmarried females Some key characteristics of the unemployed ) Sixty-four percent did not have post-school qualifications. Those who had completed the highest level of secondary school had an average duration of of weeks compared with 71 weeks for those who had not. ) Of the long-term unemployed, 1, persons (or 9%) were without post-school qualifications. Of these, 7% had not completed the highest level of secondary school. ) Unsuitable hours and difficulties with child care or other family responsibilities were not major problems for female unemployed persons. Only 9% of female unemployed persons reported one of these as the main difficulty in finding work. ABS, Job Search Experience of Unemployed Persons, July Slowdown in profits often sees rise Annual av. rate, % Unemployment rate (left axis) Corporate profits, $s, millions Profits (right axis) 1 Note slackening of profit growth, saw rise in in early s and 9s Year ended June Source: ABS 5. "Profits" = corporate gross operating surplus 1 1 Copyright David Clark
9 1 1 Wage growth : no simple relationships % annual av. rate, % Note wage explosions followed by sharp rise in AWE, % annual change 3 5 GENC1 An Introduction But wage slowdown 15 in 199s did not produce immediate 1 fall Unemployment rate (left axis) 5 AWE, % annual change (right axis) Source: RBA Australian Economics Statistics, 199/5 to 199/95/ABS 3 But high earnings growth upped in early 19s 199s.1 ratio Earnings/employment *Unemploy. rate (right axis) 75/7 77/7 79/ 1/ 3/ 5/ 7/ 9/9 91/9 % of workforce * real wages, salaries supplements/employment Professor Tom Valentine, UWS Importance of wage levels? There is now general agreement that the sharp rises in in most Western countries - including Australia - in the early 19s were related to "wage explosions". However, wage rises were far less dramatic in the early 199s and cannot simply explain current levels of. Indeed, Bob Gregory of the ANU has estimated that to restore full employment in Australia would require a drop in average real wages of 35 per cent. Such a cut would be politically impossible. Copyright David Clark 9
10 Even if wages did fall sharply they would still be well above those of our Asian neighbours GENC1 An Introduction However, the countries with the greatest differentials between youth and adult wages have the lowest youth rates But merely lowering wages will not guarantee that jobs will be created for all who want them - has to be sufficient demand Govt. spending : no simple relationship 1 1 % annual change Australia - - Comm. govt outlays Unemploy. rate (RHS) Year ended, June 3 Budget Papers/ABS 135./RBA Occasional Paper No. Has the Howard Government's fiscal tightening helped? Overseas and Australian experience shows that sharp fiscal tightenings do not guarantee significant labour market improvement. However, they do not guarantee deteriorations either. For example, in our last two fiscal tightenings and the rate rose by one percentage point in the first and fell by the same amount in the second, The fiscal tightening appears to have had an impact in helping to reduce - via lower interest rates and inflation. But impossible to argue it the sole or even main cause of fall in. Copyright David Clark 1
11 Immigration intake adjusted according to rate GENC1 An Introduction Unemployment rate % 1 Net migration, year to June Unemployment 1 rate Net migration Note fall in, rise in intake Source: RBA ABS 31 Role of social welfare? Professor Richard Layard of the London School of Economics found: the countries with the highest levels of long-term tend to have the most open-ended generous benefits, whereas the countries with lower levels of long-term tend to have dole payments that cut out after a set period. The equation Copyright David Clark 11
12 Key factors behind job growth Expected demand for output of goods and services GENC1 An Introduction. 5. Existing capacity utilisation Existing and expected wage levels Existing and expected interest rates The availability of suitable labour. The natural rate of Even during peak years, the rate never reaches zero. Its lowest resting spot is called the natural rate of, Historically, it has fluctuated between and 5 percent of the labour force in industrial countries. But this "natural rate" impossible to measure with any accuracy. Some economists believe it simply an ideological construct. Recently,however, the rate has lingered well above 5 % in many industrial countries, suggesting that the unemployed have been taking longer to find a new job or have dropped out of the labour force entirely. Effects of a high natural rate of Labour market tightens inflation rises With high natural rate, when falls Authorities forced to slow economy sharply, raising again Copyright David Clark 1
13 Trouble is, estimates of Australia's NAIRU vary greatly 1 Estimated natural rate of, % GENC1 An Introduction 9, 7,,,,,,,,, 5 Ie. All over-estimated the natural rate - inflation still under control, despite 5% rate Crosby Olekains(199) Debelle Vickery (1997), OECD (1995) Treasury Debelle, G. Borland, J. (199), Unemployment and the Australian Labour Market, RBA What is the "hysteresis effect'? ) Based on claim that the troughs of recessions are associated with successively higher levels of recorded. ) Those who are unemployed become progressively less employable, or are so perceived by potential employers. ) Thus, it is important to avoid recessions, because a proportion of the extra short-term which goes with them will turn into long-term. ) This ratchet effect makes the prospect of a return to full employment even more remote than it otherwise would be. 1 The "hysteresis effect": academics wrong! Av. rate, %. year ending June 1 Unemployment rate ie. Academic argument that the rate,when the economy picks up again, will not fall back to previous trough level. But has done so! ABS Copyright David Clark 13
14 Causes of "hysteresis effect"? Technological change reducing jobs for unskilled employees GENC1 An Introduction Public and private sector now much "leaner" Real wage rises in upturns means that employers face higher wages thus are encouraged to replace labour with machines Surveys of employers also suggest the following important "On-costs" - eg. superannuation contributions, workers' compensation contributions, payroll taxes etc. Add an average 1% to cost of employment Work attitudes - particularly among the young. Hence strong preference given to married women and to increasing overtime for existing staff Penalty rates - but these have been reduced in 199s How industrial relations changes have helped cut 199 IR Act Greater flexibility for employers More jobs lower labour costs Less trade union power Means skilled will be better off, unskilled likely to be main victims More competitive economy Improved balance of payments, higher growth lower interest rates Copyright David Clark 1
15 Growth : no simple relationships Unemployment rate difference between * Spain GENC1 An Introduction 1 RBA Bulletin, June 1997 * Finland *France * Belgium * Germany * Canada * Italy * AUSTRALIA * New Zealand * Japan * US 5 5. GDP per capita, av. growth 19-9 Unemployment rate lags changes in GDP growth rate 1 1 Av. rate, %. year ending June Unemployment rate Message: Strong growth crucial if is to fall further GDP growth rate Recent lag has been 9-1 months Program % of places taken up by long-term unemplo yed Net impact (percent age points) Net unit cost to Govt., $s Net cost per net impact, $s Net impact and costs of major Australian labour market programs Job Start Job Clubs Skillshare Job Train Job Skills The net impact levels shown were estimated in 199 for JobStart and Job Clubs, 1991 for SkillShare, 199 for JobTrain and 199 for JobSkills. NB: Cost this much to place one unemployed person! Message: job programs no simple solution to Source: Copyright David Clark 15
16 Why do economists disagree about what should be done about? GENC1 An Introduction Have different views about what causes it and use different models to back up their views - can be Monetarists, Keynesians, New Classicals, Post-Keynesians etc. Have different interests and objectives - can be interested in short-run or long-run policy measures, place different emphasis on inflation versus, on role of government Unemployment: the core problem Generally, the economy has to grow fast enough to match the trend increase in the labour force Structural and technological change has also reduced demand for more unskilled labour If the workforce keeps growing at around 5 % and productivity at 5- %, this will require annual average GDP growth of at least 5 per cent to stop rising again.. Like it or not, policy has to encourage employers to create more new jobs - no other mystery solution. Copyright David Clark 1
Australian inflation & unemployment: an overview
Australian inflation & unemployment: an overview Three main measures of inflation in Australia 1. 2. 3. The consumer price index - or CPI. This the main measure used in media and business transactions.
More informationUnemployment and Inflation
Unemployment and Inflation By A. V. Vedpuriswar October 15, 2016 Inflation This refers to the phenomenon by which the price level rises and money loses value. There are two kinds of inflation: Demand pull
More informationThe labor market in Australia,
GARRY BARRETT University of Sydney, Australia, and IZA, Germany The labor market in Australia, 2000 2016 Sustained economic growth led to reduced unemployment and real earnings growth, but prosperity has
More informationObjectives for Chapter 24: Monetarism (Continued) Chapter 24: The Basic Theory of Monetarism (Continued) (latest revision October 2004)
1 Objectives for Chapter 24: Monetarism (Continued) At the end of Chapter 24, you will be able to answer the following: 1. What is the short-run? 2. Use the theory of job searching in a period of unanticipated
More informationAustralian welfare spending trends: past changes and future drivers Brotherhood of St Laurence lunchtime seminar
Australian welfare spending trends: past changes and future drivers Brotherhood of St Laurence lunchtime seminar John Daley CEO, Grattan Institute 8 August 213 Overview Stable overall spending conceals
More informationTHE U.S. ECONOMY IN 1986
of women in the labor force. Over the past decade, women have accounted for 62 percent of total labor force growth. Increasing labor force participation of women has not led to large increases in unemployment
More informationSuccess is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out. Robert Collier Test Yourself - Business Cycles and Unemployment
Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out. Robert Collier Test Yourself - Business Cycles and Unemployment What is a business cycle? A business cycle is alternating periods of economic
More informationPerspectives on the U.S. Economy
Perspectives on the U.S. Economy Presentation for Irish Institute Seminar, April 14, 2008 Bob Murphy Department of Economics Boston College Three Perspectives 1. Historical Overview of U.S. Economic Performance
More informationWhat is Macroeconomics?
Lecture 1-1 What is Macroeconomics? 1. Macroeconomics Macroeconomics: the study of the major economic totals (aggregates). Issues involving the overall economic performance of the nation: do people find
More informationSUBMISSION TO THE AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COMMISSION REGARDING THE ACTU LIVING WAGE APPLICATIONS. by Leigh Harkness
SUBMISSION TO THE AUSTRALIAN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COMMISSION REGARDING THE ACTU LIVING WAGE APPLICATIONS 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Economic rational 1.1.1 This submission contends that wages generally, and award
More informationUnemployment 1. Figure 1:
Unemployment 1 We now turn our attention to the aftermath of the recession. These notes focus on one disappointing aspect of the recovery, the persistence of low employment (in contrast to unemployment).
More informationThe Labor Force Participation Puzzle
The Labor Force Participation Puzzle May 23, 2013 by David Kelly of J.P. Morgan Funds Slow growth and mediocre job creation have been common themes used to describe the U.S. economy in recent years, as
More informationFinancial Implications of an Ageing Population
Financial Implications of an Ageing Population Presentation to Aged & Community Care Victoria s State Congress and Trade Exhibition Saul Eslake Chief Economist ANZ Flemington Racecourse Melbourne 25 th
More informationFIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS*
Chapter 4 A FIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS* Key Concepts Origins and Issues of Macroeconomics Modern macroeconomics began during the Great Depression, 1929 1939. The Great Depression was a decade of high
More informationThe Economic Situation of the European Union and the Outlook for
The Economic Situation of the European Union and the Outlook for 2001-2002 A Report by the EUROFRAME group of Research Institutes for the European Parliament The Institutes involved are Wifo in Austria,
More information1. Introduction to Macroeconomics
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University 1. Introduction to Macroeconomics E212 Macroeconomics Prof George Alogoskoufis The Scope of Macroeconomics Macroeconomics, deals with the determination
More informationEconomic Changes and Cycles
Please grab a computer as you are settling in. If you have Part 3 of the Final Exam Review, it needs to be turned in to the basket at the beginning of class in order to earn extra credit. The answers keys
More informationPatterns of Unemployment
Patterns of Unemployment By: OpenStaxCollege Let s look at how unemployment rates have changed over time and how various groups of people are affected by unemployment differently. The Historical U.S. Unemployment
More informationDevelopments in the youth labour market since the GFC
RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 216 17 31 AUGUST 216 Developments in the youth labour market since the GFC Geoff Gilfillan Statistics and Mapping Section Executive summary Young people bore the brunt of softening
More informationPrinciples of Macroeconomics. Twelfth Edition. Chapter 13. The Labor Market in the Macroeconomy. Copyright 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
Principles of Macroeconomics Twelfth Edition Chapter 13 The Labor Market in the Macroeconomy Copyright 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 13-1 Copyright Copyright 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 13-2 Chapter Outline
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Chapter 7. Explain how the U.S. government calculates the official unemployment rate
Chapter 7 The Macroeconomy:, Inflation, and Deflation Introduction Why is it that the responsibility for announcing the start of economic contractions and expansions does not rest with elected officials?
More informationV. MAKING WORK PAY. The economic situation of persons with low skills
V. MAKING WORK PAY There has recently been increased interest in policies that subsidise work at low pay in order to make work pay. 1 Such policies operate either by reducing employers cost of employing
More informationThe labor market in South Korea,
JUNGMIN LEE Seoul National University, South Korea, and IZA, Germany The labor market in South Korea, The labor market stabilized quickly after the 1998 Asian crisis, but rising inequality and demographic
More informationChapter 4: A First Look at Macroeconomics
Chapter 4: A First Look at Macroeconomics Principles of Macroeconomics I. Economics as a Social Science A. Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments,
More informationChapter 12 Government and Fiscal Policy
[2] Alan Greenspan, New challenges for monetary policy, speech delivered before a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August 27, 1999. Mr. Greenspan
More informationHamid Rashid, Ph.D. Chief Global Economic Monitoring Unit Development Policy Analysis Division UNDESA, New York
Hamid Rashid, Ph.D. Chief Global Economic Monitoring Unit Development Policy Analysis Division UNDESA, New York 1 Global macroeconomic trends Major headwinds Risks and uncertainties Policy questions and
More information3. The phase of the business cycle in which real GDP is at a minimum is called: A. the peak. B. a recession. C. the trough. D. the underside.
1. Most economists agree that the immediate determinant of the volume of output and employment is the: A. composition of consumer spending. B. ratio of public goods to private goods production. C. level
More informationThe consequences for communities of rising unemployment David Blanchflower
The consequences for communities of rising unemployment David Blanchflower Employment peaked in April 2008; since then we have lost 540,000 jobs. ILO unemployment was also at its low point in April 2008
More information: Monetary Economics and the European Union. Lecture 8. Instructor: Prof Robert Hill. The Costs and Benefits of Monetary Union II
320.326: Monetary Economics and the European Union Lecture 8 Instructor: Prof Robert Hill The Costs and Benefits of Monetary Union II De Grauwe Chapters 3, 4, 5 1 1. Countries in Trouble in the Eurozone
More informationWill Fiscal Stimulus Packages Be Effective in Turning Around the European Economies?
Will Fiscal Stimulus Packages Be Effective in Turning Around the European Economies? Presented by: Howard Archer Chief European & U.K. Economist IHS Global Insight European Fiscal Stimulus Limited? Europeans
More informationChapter 7 Introduction to Economic Growth and Instability
Chapter 7 Introduction to Economic Growth and Instability Chapter Overview This chapter previews economic growth, the business cycle, unemployment, and inflation. It sets the stage for the analytical presentation
More informationWorkforce participation of mature aged women
Workforce participation of mature aged women Geoff Gilfillan Senior Research Economist Productivity Commission Productivity Commission Topics Trends in labour force participation Potential labour supply
More informationThe diagram above illustrates the pattern of: A) Wage movements over time B) Price level movements C) Economic growth patterns D) Business cycles
Problem Set Econ 2013: Chapter 9: Business Cycles, Unemployment, and Inflation Name ID: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) 1) The
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Questions of this SAMPLE exam were randomly chosen and may NOT be representative of the difficulty or focus of the actual examination. The professor did NOT review these questions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose
More informationArchimedean Upper Conservatory Economics, November 2016 Quiz, Unit VI, Stabilization Policies
Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The federal budget tends to move toward _ as the economy. A. deficit; contracts B. deficit; expands C.
More informationThe End of the Business Cycle?
to look at not only how much we save, but also at how that saving is invested and how productive that investment is. Much saving goes ultimately into business investment, where it raises future productivity
More informationUnit 6 Measuring and Monitoring Economics (Ch 12 and 13)
Unit 6 Measuring and Monitoring Economics (Ch 12 and 13) -Macroeconomics 0 & Microeconomics- Government tries to prevent free enterprise from having wild swings in economic behavior. Microeconomics - analyzes
More informationECONOMIC COMMENTARY. Unemployment after the Recession: A New Natural Rate? Murat Tasci and Saeed Zaman
ECONOMIC COMMENTARY Number 0-11 September 8, 0 Unemployment after the Recession: A New Natural Rate? Murat Tasci and Saeed Zaman The past recession has hit the labor market especially hard, and economists
More informationEconomic outlook Thoughts on what to expect in Dr. Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist, Deloitte
Economic outlook Thoughts on what to expect in 2018 Dr. Ira Kalish Chief Global Economist, Deloitte USA Strong job market Full employment Employment rising faster than needed to absorb new entrants into
More informationMacroeconomics, Spring 2007, Final Exam, several versions, Early May
Name: _ Days/Times Class Meets: Today s Date: Macroeconomics, Spring 2007, Final Exam, several versions, Early May Read these Instructions carefully! You must follow them exactly! I) On your Scantron card
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 11. Classical and Keynesian Macro Analyses
Chapter 11 Classical and Keynesian Macro Analyses Introduction The same basic pattern has repeated four times in recent U.S. history: 1973-1974, 1979-1980, 1990, and 2001. First, world oil prices jump.
More informationUnemployment. Labour force. Measurement of unemployment
Unemployment Unemployment is calculated by measuring level of unemployment or by taking rate of unemployment. Level of unemployment is calculated by subtracting people who are on job from participating
More informationFRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER
FRBSF ECONOMIC LETTER 2013-38 December 23, 2013 Labor Markets in the Global Financial Crisis BY MARY C. DALY, JOHN FERNALD, ÒSCAR JORDÀ, AND FERNANDA NECHIO The impact of the global financial crisis on
More informationIndustrial Relations Legislation Policy Background Paper
Industrial Relations Legislation Policy Background Paper The primary policy for debate at Congress 2006 is the industrial relations legislation policy. As at the 2000 and 2003 Congresses, this policy will
More informationThe Effect of NZ Superannuation eligibility age on the labour force participation of older people
The Effect of NZ Superannuation eligibility age on the labour force participation of older people Roger Hurnard Workshop on Labour Force Participation and Economic Growth, Wellington 14 April 2005 Outline
More information5 MONITORING CYCLES, JOBS, AND THE PRICE LEVEL* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 5 MONITORING CYCLES, JOBS, AND THE PRICE LEVEL* Key Concepts The Business Cycle The periodic but irregular up-and-down movement in production and jobs is the business cycle. Business cycles have
More informationECON 201. The Business Cycle. Business Cycle 4 phases 10/1/2009. Chapter 6 Business Cycles, Unemployment, & Inflation
ECON 201 Chapter 6 Business Cycles, Unemployment, & Inflation The Business Cycle The U.S. has experienced economic instability associated with business cycles. Business Cycles alternating rises and declines
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand P R I N C I P L E S O F. N. Gregory Mankiw. Introduction
C H A P T E R 34 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand P R I N C I P L E S O F Economics N. Gregory Mankiw Introduction This chapter focuses on the short-run effects of fiscal
More informationEconomics 2005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION. Total marks 100. Section I. Pages 2 8
2005 HIGHER SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION Economics Total marks 100 Section I Pages 2 8 General Instructions Reading time 5 minutes Working time 3 hours Write using black or blue pen Board-approved calculators
More informationECONOMICS. ATAR course examination Marking Key
ECONOMICS ATAR course examination 08 Marking Key Marking keys are an explicit statement about what the examining panel expect of candidates when they respond to particular examination items. They help
More informationNSW Long-Term Fiscal Pressures Report
NSW Long-Term Fiscal Pressures Report NSW Intergenerational Report 2011-12 Budget Paper No. 6 Table of Contents Executive Summary... i Chapter 1: Background to the Report 1.1 Fiscal Sustainability... 1-1
More informationContents OCCUPATION MODELLING SYSTEM
Contents Contents... 1 Introduction... 2 Why LMI?... 2 Why POMS?... 2 Data Reliability... 3 Document Content... 3 Key Occupation Labour Market Concepts... 4 Basic Labour Market Concepts... 4 Occupation
More informationTWO VIEWS OF THE ECONOMY
TWO VIEWS OF THE ECONOMY Macroeconomics is the study of economics from an overall point of view. Instead of looking so much at individual people and businesses and their economic decisions, macroeconomics
More informationChapter 7 Unemployment, Inflation, and Long-Run Growth
Chapter 7 Unemployment, Inflation, and Long-Run Growth 7.1 Unemployment 1 Multiple Choice 1) We can safely say that total output can increase if there is a(n) A) increase in the size of the labor force
More informationRECENT TRENDS AUSTRALIA S LABOUR MARKET
RECENT TRENDS IN AUSTRALIA S LABOUR MARKET TIM RILEY Director Economic Literacy Centre and Tim Riley Publications Pty Ltd HSC ECONOMICS Wednesday 5th September 2018 University of Wollongong 1 Structural
More informationMONITORING JOBS AND INFLATION
21 MONITORING JOBS AND INFLATION After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Explain why unemployment is a problem and define the unemployment rate and other labour market indicators Explain why
More informationIntroduction to Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics 105 Spring 2018 Third Hour Exam
1 Name Introduction to Agricultural Economics Agricultural Economics 105 Spring 2018 Third Hour Exam There is only ONE best, correct answer per question. Place your answer on the attached sheet. DO NOT
More informationLabour Market Resilience
Labour Market Resilience In Malta Report published in the Quarterly Review 2013:1 LABOUR MARKET RESILIENCE IN MALTA 1 Labour market developments in Europe showed a substantial degree of cross-country heterogeneity
More informationSPECIAL REPORT. TD Economics THE WORRISOME DECLINE IN THE U.S. PARTICIPATION RATE
SPECIAL REPORT TD Economics THE WORRISOME DECLINE IN THE U.S. PARTICIPATION RATE Highlights The U.S. participation rate has declined significantly over the last few years, dragging the U.S. the labor force
More informationUnemployment and its natural rate. Chapter 27
1 Unemployment and its natural rate Chapter 27 What we learn in this chapter? This is the last chapter of Part IX: the real economy in the long run In Chapter 24 we established the link between production,
More informationQuarterly Economics Briefing
Quarterly Economics Briefing September March 2015 Review of Current Conditions: The Economic Outlook and Its Impact on Workers Compensation The exhibits below are updated to reflect the current economic
More informationCharacteristics of the euro area business cycle in the 1990s
Characteristics of the euro area business cycle in the 1990s As part of its monetary policy strategy, the ECB regularly monitors the development of a wide range of indicators and assesses their implications
More informationShort- Term Employment Growth Forecast (as at February 19, 2015)
Background According to Statistics Canada s Labour Force Survey records, employment conditions in Newfoundland and Labrador showed signs of weakening this past year. Having grown to a record level high
More informationEconomic Standard of Living
DESIRED OUTCOMES New Zealand is a prosperous society where all people have access to adequate incomes and enjoy standards of living that mean they can fully participate in society and have choice about
More informationACTUARIAL REPORT 27 th. on the
ACTUARIAL REPORT 27 th on the CANADA PENSION PLAN Office of the Chief Actuary Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada 12 th Floor, Kent Square Building 255 Albert Street Ottawa, Ontario
More informationThe Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand. Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich
C H A P T E R 34 The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand Economics P R I N C I P L E S O F N. Gregory Mankiw Premium PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2009 South-Western, a part
More informationEqual pay for breadwinners
istockphoto/sjlocke Equal pay for breadwinners More men are jobless while women earn less for equal work Heather Boushey January 2009 www.americanprogress.org Equal pay for breadwinners More men are jobless
More informationCOMMISSION: Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Québec (Bélanger- Campeau)
STUDY COORDINATION OFFICE Update identification record COMMISSION: Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Québec (Bélanger- Campeau) ORIGINAL STUDY Reference: Volume 1, pages 167-241
More information15 th. edition Gwartney Stroup Sobel Macpherson. First page. edition Gwartney Stroup Sobel Macpherson
Alternative Views of Fiscal Policy An Overview GWARTNEY STROUP SOBEL MACPHERSON Fiscal Policy, Incentives, and Secondary Effects Full Length Text Part: 3 Macro Only Text Part: 3 Chapter: 12 Chapter: 12
More information1 of 15 12/1/2013 1:28 PM
1 of 15 12/1/2013 1:28 PM Policy tools include Population growth, spending behavior, and invention. Wars, natural disasters, and trade disruptions. Tax policy, government spending, and the availability
More informationAggregate demand &long-run unemployment L. Ball 1999
Aggregate demand &long-run unemployment L. Ball 1999 Standard theory: equilibrium unemployment depends on labour market rigidities and institutional variables Monetary policy should focus on nominal stability,
More informationFederal Budget : This Time It s Personal. May 2018
Federal Budget 2018-19: This Time It s Personal May 2018 Executive Summary The Federal Government and the nation s fiscal position have become the beneficiaries of an unexpected windfall primarily in the
More informationChapter 6 GDP, Unemployment and Inflation
Chapter 6 GDP, Unemployment and Inflation - Microeconomics: study of how households and firms make choices & how they interact in markets. - Macroeconomics: study of the economy as a whole, including topics
More informationSolutions to PSet 5. October 6, More on the AS/AD Model
Solutions to PSet 5 October 6, 207 More on the AS/AD Model. If there is a zero interest rate lower bound, is fiscal policy more or less effective than otherwise? Explain using the AS/AD model. Is the United
More informationChapter 1 International economy
Chapter International economy. Main points from the OECD's Economic Outlook A broad-based recovery has taken hold Asia, the US and the UK have taken the lead. Continental Europe will follow Investment
More informationThe current state of the Japanese Economy and mid- to long-term challenges it faces
The current state of the Japanese Economy and mid- to long-term challenges it faces July 2, 2008 Atsushi NAKAJIMA, Chief Economist. 1. Recent developments and outlook on the Japanese economy (1) The rise
More informationThe number of unemployed people
Economic & Labour Market Review Vol 3 No February 9 FEATURE Debra Leaker Trends since the 197s SUMMARY occurs when an individual is available and seeking work but is without work. There are various causes
More informationFoundation for Fiscal Studies Dublin, 25 May OECD Economic Outlook On the Road to Durable Recovery? Patrick Lenain OECD
Foundation for Fiscal Studies Dublin, 25 May 2011 OECD Economic Outlook 2011-12 On the Road to Durable Recovery? Patrick Lenain OECD A Durable Recovery in the OECD? Key features of OECD projections for
More informationGauging Current Conditions:
Gauging Current Conditions: The Economic Outlook and Its Impact on Workers Compensation Vol. 2 2005 The gauges below indicate the economic outlook for the current year and for 2006 for factors that typically
More informationMacroeconomic Issues and Policy. Stabilization Policy. Time Lags Regarding Monetary and Fiscal Policy
C H A P T E R 15 Macroeconomic Issues and Policy Prepared by: Fernando Quijano and Yvonn Quijano Stabilization Policy Stabilization policy describes both monetary and fiscal policy, the goals of which
More informationIns-and-outs of the Danish flexicurity model
The bank for a changing world ECONOMIC RESEARCH DEPARTMENT Ins-and-outs of the Danish flexicurity model Denmark s flexicurity model enables businesses to hire and fire employees relatively easily while
More informationUnemployment in the Great Recession
Unemployment in the Great Recession Christopher A Pissarides London School of Economics The British Academy Keynes lecture 30 October 2012 1 Introductory remarks: Timings Great Recession started with a
More informationThe Global Financial Crisis: The Victims of the Recession P.N. (Raja) Junankar University of Western Sydney and IZA, Bonn, Germany June 2009
The Global Financial Crisis: The Victims of the Recession P.N. (Raja) Junankar University of Western Sydney and IZA, Bonn, Germany June 29 Preliminary Draft: Comments welcome. 1. Introduction The Global
More informationConsequences of Business Fluctuations
Aggregate Output Consequences of Business Fluctuations Parts of Chapter 14 + Other Issues Discussion Topics Fluctuations in business activity Consequences of business fluctuations Macroeconomic policy
More informationPrint Your Name:. ID Number:.
Econ2105, Professor Laury EXAM 1, FORM A (9/19/02) Print Your Name:. ID Number:. Multiple Choice (32 questions, 2.5 points each, 80 points total). Clearly indicate (by circling) the ONE BEST response to
More informationFigure Sarver
I. Learning Objectives In this chapter students will learn: A. About the business cycle and its primary phases. B. How unemployment and inflation are measured. C. About the types of unemployment and inflation
More informationCIE Economics A-level
CIE Economics A-level Topic 4: The Macroeconomy d) Employment and unemployment Notes Size and components of labour force The working age population is between the ages of 18 and 65 who are actively looking
More informationOntario Economic Accounts
SECOND QUARTER OF 2017 April, May, June Ontario Economic Accounts ONTARIO MINISTRY OF FINANCE Table of Contents ECONOMIC ACCOUNTS Highlights 1 Ontario s Economy Continues to Grow Expenditure Details 2
More informationEconomic Growth, Business Cycles, Unemployment, and Inflation
CHAPTER 24 Economic Growth, Business Cycles, Unemployment, and Inflation Remember that there is nothing stable in human affairs; therefore avoid undue elation in prosperity, or undue depression in adversity.
More informationunited kingdom Statistical Profile introduction to united kingdom united kingdom statistical profile no.18 january 2010
united kingdom united kingdom united kingdom Statistical Profile Matt Flynn introduction to united kingdom Ireland Since 1992, the has had a relatively long period of economic growth and stability. However,
More informationLabour. Overview Latin America and the Caribbean EXECUT I V E S U M M A R Y
2016 Labour Overview Latin America and the Caribbean EXECUT I V E S U M M A R Y ILO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean 3 ILO / Latin America and the Caribbean Foreword FOREWORD This 2016
More informationFISCAL POLICY* Chapt er. Key Concepts
Chapt er 13 FISCAL POLICY* Key Concepts The Federal Budget The federal budget is an annual statement of the government s outlays and receipts. Using the federal budget to achieve macroeconomic objectives
More informationMacroeconomics Principles, Applications, and Tools O'Sullivan Sheffrin Perez Eighth Edition
Macroeconomics Principles, Applications, and Tools O'Sullivan Sheffrin Perez Eighth Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the
More informationPART-TIME PURGATORY YOUNG AND UNDEREMPLOYED IN AUSTRALIA
PART-TIME PURGATORY YOUNG AND UNDEREMPLOYED IN AUSTRALIA DECEMBER 2018 Being young, even in one of the most prosperous nations in the world, isn t what it used to be. Negotiating adulthood in the 21st
More informationChanges in output, employment and wages during recessions in the United Kingdom
Research and analysis Changes in output, employment and wages 43 Changes in output, employment and wages during recessions in the United Kingdom By Renato Faccini and Christopher Hackworth of the Bank
More informationAggregate Demand in Keynesian Analysis
Aggregate Demand in Keynesian Analysis By: OpenStaxCollege The Keynesian perspective focuses on aggregate demand. The idea is simple: firms produce output only if they expect it to sell. Thus, while the
More informationADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education Economics Assessment Unit AS 2. assessing. The National Economy [AE121]
ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS) General Certificate of Education 2013 Economics Assessment Unit AS 2 assessing The National Economy [AE121] TUESDAY 11 JUNE, MORNING MARK SCHEME 8133.0 General Marking Instructions
More informationInvesting for our Future Welfare. Peter Whiteford, ANU
Investing for our Future Welfare Peter Whiteford, ANU Investing for our future welfare Presentation to Jobs Australia National Conference, Canberra, 20 October 2016 Peter Whiteford, Crawford School of
More informationILO World of Work Report 2013: EU Snapshot
Greece Spain Ireland Poland Belgium Portugal Eurozone France Slovenia EU-27 Cyprus Denmark Netherlands Italy Bulgaria Slovakia Romania Lithuania Latvia Czech Republic Estonia Finland United Kingdom Sweden
More informationSHORT-TERM EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR MARKET OUTLOOK AND KEY CHALLENGES IN G20 COUNTRIES. A statistical update by ILO and OECD 1
SHORT-TERM EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR MARKET OUTLOOK AND KEY CHALLENGES IN G2 COUNTRIES Introduction A statistical update by ILO and OECD 1 The objective of this note is two-fold: i) to review the most recent
More information