Index. B Belarus health-care system, 107 Budget-based financing, 11 Bulgaria, corporatised hospitals,
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1 Index A Age structure of population, 31 Aggregate health spending, national product and, Albania health-care system, 106 Ambulatory care, 10 Anecdotal evidence, 18 Armenia, corporatised hospitals in, 118 Australian National University library, 101 Autonomisation, 12, 172, 173 Azerbaijan health-care system, B Belarus health-care system, 107 Budget-based financing, 11 Bulgaria, corporatised hospitals, C Casemix payments, 99 reimbursement, 211 Caucasus/Central Asia, HCSs of, 249 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), 8 post-communist health-care transition in, Central-Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CEE/CIS) Herculean task for, 249 hospital governance transformation in, reform efforts in, 248 social health insurance, 249 Centralisation, 161 arguments in favour of, 164 Civilisation diseases, Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 8 Communism, Communist economy model, 154 Control of Corruption and Government Effectiveness, 59 Control variables, hospital governance, Corporation, 12 Corporatisation, 173 and new public management, Corporatised hospitals in Armenia, 118 in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, in Estonia, flexibility of, in Latvia, 122 in Lithuania, Corruption, 11, presence and forms, perceptions index, 58 Cost control, 154 Cost-of-illness studies, 29 Czech Republic, corporatised hospitals, D Decentralisation, 196 arguments in favour of, 163 facility management Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 P.M. Sowa, Governance of Hospitals in Central and Eastern Europe, DOI /
2 256 Index Decentralisation (cont.) in Kazakhstan s, in Kyrgyzstan, in Moldova, Russian Federation, and fiscal federalism, inevitability of, ownership, 100, 101 post-communist experiences with, variety of approaches to, Decentralisation processes, ambiguities surrounding, Devolution of hospital ownership in Hungary, in Poland, in Romania, in Slovakia, Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), 11 Diverse economies, transition pathways, Doctor, 10 Dominant provider payment method, 199 E Eastern Bloc populations, 253 Eastern Europe, health-care transition in. See Health-care transition in Eastern Europe Eastern European health systems, transformation of, 248 Economic incentives decision-makers, 150 features and performance, HCS decentralisation, 151 health-care production, 150 make/buy dilemma, need for balance, physicians motivations, 150 primary care, 151 state-of-the-art medicine, 152 Economic inequalities, Economic models, of hospital behaviour, Education, schooling, 31 Effi ciency, 10 Estonia, corporatised hospitals in, Euro health consumer index, 43 European observatory on health systems and policies, 102 Evidence-based policy-making, 78 Expected outcomes, theoretical implications, Explanatory variables hospital governance, 209 alternative interpretations of, control variables, in Czech Republic, 211 provider payment mechanisms, system inputs, model specification, 197, 198 F Facility management, decentralisation in Kazakhstan s, in Kyrgyzstan, in Moldova, Russian Federation, Federalism, fiscal and nonfiscal in, Fee-for-service, 11, 99, 211 Financial planning, 153 Financial responsibility, measurement, 134 Financing reform in CEE/CIS, 50 synergy with, 132 Fiscal federalism decentralisation and, in health care, Fixed-effect (FE) estimation, 202 alternative specifications, 239 robustness of result, G Gross domestic product (GDP) hospital governance reforms, 199 transition mapping, 136 Georgia, privatised hospital sector in, Governance, 12 Governance, health-care sector overall strength of, 136 transition mapping, Governance reform common mistakes of, directions, pillars of, Government failure, and private sector, rationale and forms,
3 Index 257 H Harding-Preker model, , 179 Health-care provision, 51 Health-care revenue collection, 27 Health-care system (HCS), 2, 200, 248, 249 of Caucasus/Central Asia, 249 defined by World Health Organisation, 10 economic incentives, decentralisation, 151 efficiency, 10 extended typology of, 251 fiscal and nonfiscal federalism in, performance, 10, 199 Health-care transition, 10 Health-care transition in Eastern Europe aspects of reform quality, 131 background, corporatised hospitals in Armenia, 118 in Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, in Estonia, fl exibility of, in Latvia, 122 Lithuania, decentralised facility management in Kazakhstan s, in Kyrgyzstan, in Moldova, Russian Federation, devolved hospital ownership in Hungary, in Poland, in Slovakia, Romania, financial responsibility, 134 governance, conceptual model, governance matters, 130 integrated state financing and provision in Albania, 106 in Azerbaijan, in Belarus, 107 in Tajikistan, 107 in Turkmenistan, 108 in Ukraine, in Uzbekistan, 109 limitation, managerial capacity, 132 methods and data, Ministry of Health, overall strength of governance, 136 politically sensitive matter, privatised hospital sector, stages summary, synergy with financing reform, 132 transition mapping, typology, variety of approaches, Health system reforms capacity, CEE/CIS hospital issues, complexity of, 104 consistency and quality of, 53 evidence, absence/disregard, 55 flaws in design, goals and strategies, idiosyncratic issues, 61 path dependence, problems in, reasons for, regulatory capture and government effectiveness, sector unsusceptible to, stakeholder resistance, time and pace of, 56 in transition, 102, 210 Health transition, 10 Healthy ageing policies, 31 Herculean task, CEE/CIS reformers, 249 Heteroscedasticity, hospital governance reforms, 200 Hospital behaviour, economic models of, Hospital care, 10 Hospital governance, activity-based financing, alternative interpretations of, capacity for reform, coherent and realistic governance configuration, deconcentration and devolution processes, economic efficiency, 182 economic theory, hypothesised pattern, idiosyncratic issues, policy implications, quantity of care, statistical evidence, transformation in CEE/CIS, transforming, Hospital governance reforms alternative interpretations, alternative specifications estimation results, 236 fixed-effect estimation, 239 institutional arrangements, 240
4 258 Index lagged effects, quadratic individual country trends, 239 quadratic time function, comment on unbalanced panels, 204 discussion of findings, dominant hospital payment mechanisms, 215 empirical analysis, 199 estimation results, 230, , estimation strategy, 197 expected outcomes, expected signs of coefficients, 230 explanatory variables, 209 alternative interpretations of, control variables, in Czech Republic, 211 provider payment mechanisms, system inputs, heterogeneity, 198 heteroscedasticity, 200 impacts of, 196 limitation, log-log specification, 200 model specification, mortality, non-reform processes, 198 presentation of results, resources and utilisation, response variables, 197 affect aggregate health expenditures, 228 mortality, resources and utilisation, results, 233 robustness, 241 robustness of results, 206 alternative coding, 208 fixed-effect estimation, lagged effects, 208 quadratic individual country trends, quadratic time function, 206 variables types, 216 Hospital governance transformation, in post-semashko health systems, Hospital ownership devolution in Hungary, in Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hospital performance, 7 Hospital sector aspects of, 200 CEE/CIS, 195 extended typology of, Hungary devolved hospital ownership, unit autonomisation, 133 I Informal payments forms, Institutional arrangements, alternative interpretations of, 208, 240 Institutions, organisations, 11 Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 217 K Kazakhstan s, decentralised facility management in, Kyrgyzstan, 24 decentralised facility management, L Lagged effects, 208 alternative specifications, Latvia, 24 corporatised hospitals in, 122 Legal regulations, 23 Lifestyle changes, Lithuania, corporatised hospitals, Long-term care, 79 Low-income countries, 66 M Make/buy dilemma, economic incentives, Medical care, provision, 152 Medical poverty trap, 128 Medical supplies, shortages, 17 Mental health care reform, 80 Ministries of Health, 10, 10, 210 role, Moldova, decentralised facility management, Mortality rates, Russia and the Baltic states, 18
5 Index 259 N National product, aggregate health spending, Negative social capital, 22 New Public Management (NPM), corporatisation, Non-profit, 12 Non-SHI countries, 43 Not-for-profit, 12 O Ordinary least squares (OLS) estimation, 203 Organisations, institutions, 11 Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments, 36, 38, 45 Ownership, Ownership decentralisation, 100, 101 P Paternalism, 22 Patient-based payments, 11 Payment mechanisms, Payroll-based earmarked contributions, 27 Pharmaceutical sector, Physician, 10 Poland devolved hospital ownership, policy makers in, 99 Pooling function, public funds, Post-communist health-care systems, reform guidelines, 2 Post-communist health-care transition, 53 60, age structure of population, 31 Caucasus and Central Asia, in Central and Eastern Europe, civilisation diseases, corruption, presence and forms, diverse economies and transition pathways, of doctrine change, economic inequalities, economic performance, shared challenges, education and schooling, 31 evidence-based policy-making, 78 extended typology, former Soviet republics, general reform directions, health-care provision, 51 health system reforms capacity, CEE/CIS hospital issues, consistency and quality of, 53 evidence, absence/disregard, 55 flaws in design, goals and strategies, idiosyncratic issues, 61 path dependence, problems in, reasons for, regulatory capture and government effectiveness, sector unsusceptible to, stakeholder resistance, time and pace of, 56 health technology assessment, 77 implications, 71 informal payments forms, long-term care, 79 market allocation, mental health care reform, 80 motivations for change, national product and aggregate health spending, payment mechanisms, pharmaceutical sector, pooling of public funds, private funds role, privatisation, public health, 79 responses, reasons for existence, revenue collection, shared inheritance, SHI consequences, similarities and dissimilarities of countries, 24 social and demographic determinants, 29 statutory coverage and benefit entitlement, in sub-regional layout, 64 workforce, Post-communist hospital sector, 250 Post-Semashko health systems, 98 hospital governance transformation in, transformation of (see Health-care transition in Eastern Europe) Post-Semashko region, 3 gross domestic product per capita, 2 life expectancy, 2 map of, 9 population in, 2 Post-Soviet health-care systems, 19 Primary care, 16 Private funds, 48 50
6 260 Index Private sector, government, Privatisation, 12, 51 53, Privatised hospital sector, Georgia, Provider, 10 Provider payment mechanisms, explanatory variables, Provider payment method, 199 Public funds, pooling, Public health, post-communist health-care transition, 79 Public hospitals autonomy and governance of, ownership and legal forms of, Public share, controlling, 200 Q Quadratic time function alternative specifications, robustness of result, 206 Quasi-decentralisation, 24 Quasi-market characteristics, 186 R Reform quality, aspects, 131 Regulatory capture, government effectiveness, Response variables hospital governance, 197 affect aggregate health expenditures, 228 mortality, resources and utilisation, Revenue collection, Robustness, base model result, 206 alternative coding, 208 fixed-effect estimation, lagged effects, 208 quadratic individual country trends, quadratic time function, 206 Romania, devolved hospital ownership, Russian Federation, decentralised facility management, S Schooling, education, 31 Semashko health-care model, 16 Semashko model communism, economic features and performance, selection of countries, 6 Soviet health-care system, 10 Semashko systems, 196 in post-war decades, 18 unreformed, 201 Shock therapy, 21 Slovakia, devolved hospital ownership, Social and demographic determinants, health, 29 Social health insurance (SHI), 11, 36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 196, 249 Socialist inheritance, 249 Soviet health-care system, 10 Stakeholder resistance, Standardised death rates (SDRs), 19 Stata command, 207, 208 State-of-the-art medicine, 152 State-owned health system, 152 Statutory coverage, benefit entitlement, System inputs, explanatory variables, System of Health Accounts, 214 T Tajikistan health-care system, 107 Total expenditure on health (TEH), 200 Transition, 8, 10 Turkmen health-care system, 108 U Ukraine health-care system, Unbalanced panels, comment, 204 Units of service, 11 Uzbekistan health-care system, 109 V Voluntary health insurance, 11 W Welfare reforms, USA, 196 World Bank report, corruption, 60 World Bank s upper middle to high-income classification, 3 World Development Indicators database, 215, 217 World Health Organisation, 10
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