Intaz Ali & Alfina Khatun Talukdar Department of Economics, Assam University

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1 Available online at ISSN: Stock Market Volatility and Returns: A Study of National Stock Exchange in India Intaz Ali & Alfina Khatun Talukdar Department of Economics, Assam University Abstract The paper examines the relationship between returns and volatility, volatility clustering, leverage effect and the persistence of volatility for the NSE three broad market indices viz; CNX Small cap, CNX Midcap and S&P CNX Nifty during the financial year to The GARCH (1, 1) model is used to examine the volatility clustering and persistence of volatility and EGARCH (1, 1) models is used to capture the asymmetric effect. The GARCH-M (1, 1) model is used to examine the relationship between returns and volatility. The study reveals that the volatility in the three broad market indices exhibits the characteristics like volatility clustering, asymmetry effect and persistence of volatility in their daily return. The study finds that the recent news as well as past news both has an impact on volatility of the three broad market indices. The study also finds the existence of leverage effect indicating that the negative shocks or bad news have more impact on volatility than that of positive shocks or good news. The relationship between returns and volatility is not significant for all indices. Key Words: Stock returns, Volatility clustering, Leverage Effect, GARCH-M and EGARCH model. JEL Classification: G10, G11, G12, G20 1. Introduction The growing role of the financial sector in the efficient allocation of resources at appropriate prices could significantly enhance the efficiency with which our economy functions. If financial markets work well, they will direct resources to their most productive uses. Risks will be more accurately priced and will be borne by those who have appetite for absorbing risks. Real economic activity with higher investments, in both quantity as well as quality, would result in growth with macroeconomic stability and fewer financial uncertainties. A stable financial system facilitates efficient transmission of monetary policy initiatives. Financial sector reforms constitute the core of the New Economic Policy initiated in India in early 1990s. As a result of this, Indian stock market has witnessed metamorphic changes and transition from a dull to an emerging stock market in international arena. Improved market surveillance, trading mechanism and introduction of new financial instruments have made it a centre of attraction for the international investors. Entry of Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) and at the domestic level spectacular growth of the corporate sector and mutual fund industry have further added to the depth and width of the Indian stock market. Introduction of screen based trading depository system; derivative instruments, rolling settlements etc. have changed the very complexion of the stock market. The market has witnessed substantial increase in the number of listed companies, greater reliance on market for resource mobilization, remarkable increase in number of brokers and investors are some of the developments that have taken place in Indian stock markets. In such an emerging market, investment analysts, institutional investors, fund managers and other market players continuously search for investment strategies that can outperform the market. The study is based on three market indices in the National Stock Exchange in India. There are several broad market indices in the National Stock Exchange in India but only three broad market indices are selected for the study viz; CNX Smallcap, CNX Midcap and S&P CNX Nifty. To compare the nature of volatility, existence of leverage effect and riskreturn trade off according to size of firm, three different indices are selected on the basis of market capitalization. The companies belongs to CNX Smallcap index are small in size, CNX Midcap are in medium size and S&P CNX Nifty are in large size on the basis of their market capitalization. 2. Review of Literature There are many literatures on the financial market. Some of the literatures are on Indian Financial market and some are on foreign financial market. Some literatures are reviewed in the following: Gahan et al. (2012) examine the volatility pattern of BSE Sensex and NSE Nifty during the pre and post derivative period. They estimate volatility by recognizing the stylist features of volatility like persistence, asymmetry etc. for both pre and post derivative period. They use daily closing index levels of BSE Sensex and NSE Nifty over a period of and respectively. They find that volatility is lower in the post derivative period as compared to the pre derivative period. They also find that recent news has more impact on volatility in the post derivative period in Corresponding Author s Affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Assam University, Silchar , Mobile: , intaz.ali1984@gmail.com Author s Affiliation: Research Scholar, Department of Economics, Assam University, Silchar , Mobile: , alfinataludar@gmail.com 28

2 comparison to the pre derivative period. They further find that introduction of derivatives has increased the asymmetric effect on volatility. Nateson et al (2012) examines the volatility of the NSE sectoral indices from the period January 2007 to December The NSE sectoral indices comprises sectors like Energy, Finance, FMCG, IT, Media, Metal, MNC, Pharma, PSU Banks, Realty, Auto and Bank. They find a wide range of fluctuation in daily returns could be witnessed in all the sectoral indices. The fluctuations are high in the Realty sector. The average daily return for the study period is highest for the FMCG sector and it is followed by CNX Pharma sector. The lowest return comes from CNX Realty though there is high volatility. Nicholas et al (2011) examine the relationship between stock returns and volatility for the three largest stock markets in Europe. They find that volatility changes for majority of the stocks rapidly during the crisis period with changes being persistent. They also find that before the crisis more investors are rewarded for market wide risk and during the crisis less stocks exhibit a positive relationship between stock returns and volatility. Finally, they find that most stocks don t exhibit positive and statistically significant leverage effects. Tripathy et al. (2009) investigate the relationship between leverage effect and daily stock returns, volume and volatility in the BSE Sensex index in India during the period January 2005 to June They find that there exist substantial ARCH effects in the residuals and the volatility shocks are quite persistent in the market. They also find that both the recent news and the old news have an impact on the volatility of the stock. They find the evidence of leverage and asymmetric effect on stock market. They find that bad news generate more impact on change in trading volumes and volatility of the market. They also observed that asymmetric GARCH models provide a better fit than the symmetric GARCH model suggesting that systematic variations in trading volume are assumed to be caused only by the arrival of new information. Kasman (2009) investigates the volatility behaviour and persistence in the stock markets of the BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) countries to provide new and additional evidence on the impact of sudden changes on the persistence in volatility. The daily closing prices of the five indices from the four BRIC countries are used for the period 1990 to They examine changes in volatility and examine the behavior of volatility persistence. The study reveals that when endogenously determined sudden shifts in variance are taken into account in the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscadasticity (GARCH) model, the persistence in return volatility is reduced significantly in every return series. Karmakar (2006) measures the volatility of daily returns in the Indian stock market over the period 1961 to The return series observes volatility clustering where tranquil periods of small returns are interspersed with volatility periods of large returns. The GARCH model is estimated and the result reports evidence of time varying volatility. The TARCH (1, 1) model is also used to test the asymmetric volatility effect and the result suggests an asymmetry in volatility. The conditional volatility for the combined return series shows a clear evidence of volatility shifting over the period. Although the high price movement started in response to strong economic fundamentals, the real cause for abrupt movement appears to be the imperfection of the market. Sarkar and Banerjee (2006) measure the volatility in the daily return at five-minute intervals of the Indian National Stock Exchange from June 1, 2000 through January 30, They find that the Indian stock market experiences volatility clustering and hence GARCH model predict the market volatility better than simple volatility models like historical average, moving average etc. They also observe that the asymmetric GARCH models provide better fit than the symmetric GARCH model, confirming the presence of leverage effect. Finally, the study reveals that the change in volume of trade in the market directly affects the volatility of asset returns. Further, the presence of FII in the Indian stock market does not appear to increase the overall market volatility. Balaban and Bayar (2005) examine relationship between stock market returns and their forecast volatility derived from the daily observations of stock market indices of 14 countries covering the period December 1987 to December 1997 are used. Both weekly and monthly returns and their volatility are investigated. Expected volatility is derived from the ARCH (p), GARCH (1, 1), GJR-GARCH (1, 1) and EGARCH (1, 1) forecast models. Expected volatility is found to have a significant negative or positive effect on country returns in a few cases. Unexpected volatility has a negative effect on weekly stock returns in six to seven countries and on monthly returns in nine to eleven countries depending on the volatility forecasting model. Chang-Jin Kim et al. (2004) investigate whether evidence for a positive relationship between stock market volatility and the equity premium is more decisive when the volatility feedback effects of large and persistent changes in market volatility are taken into account for the period from January 1926 to December They derive and estimate a formal model of volatility feedback under the assumption of Markov-switching market volatility. They find that a negative and significant volatility feedback effect, supporting a positive relationship between stock market volatility and the equity premium. Song et al. (1998) examine the relationship between returns and volatility of the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges in China over a period from May 1992 to February They use GARCH models to analyses the relationship between returns and volatility. They find that there is a positive relationship between returns and volatility. Volatility transmission between the two markets (the volatility spill-over effect) is also found to exist. The results of one 29

3 Stock Market Volatility and Returns: A Study of National Stock Exchange in India Intaz Ali, Alfina Khatun Talukdar month ahead ex ante forecasts show that the conditional variances of the returns of the two stock markets exhibit a similar pattern. French et al (1987) examine the relationship between stock returns and stock market volatility. They use daily values of the Standard and Poor s (S&P) composite portfolio for the period from January 1928 through December They use auto regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), auto regressive conditional heteroscadasticity (ARCH) and generalized auto regressive conditional heteroscadasticity (GARCH) model. They find that the expected market risk premium is positively related to the predictable volatility of stock returns. They also find that unexpected stock market returns are negatively related to the unexpected change in the volatility of stock returns. 3. Objectives: The proposed study is based on the following objectives. To examine the nature and pattern of volatility clustering of three broad market indices of NSE India. To examine whether the asymmetric effect or leverage effect exist in the three broad market indices of NSE India. To examine the relationship between returns and volatility of three broad market indices of NSE India. 4. Hypotheses: Based on above-mentioned objectives the following hypotheses can be framed: There is no volatility clustering in the three broad market indices of NSE India. The volatility in three broad market indices is not persistent. The volatility is same whether the shock is either positive or negative. There is positive correlation between returns and volatility. 5. Data Source and Methodology Data Source: The study is based on the closing index value of three broad market indices of NSE India. This includes S&P CNX Nifty, CNX Midcap and CNX Small cap. The period of the study is from April 1, 2005 to April 1, The total observations for each of the index is The data is collected from the NSE website, 6. Methodology: The stock return is calculated using the following formula Where; r t = stock market return c t = closing index value at time period t c t 1 = closing index value at time period t-1. ln = natural logarithm r t = ln ( c t c t 1 ) r t = ln(c t ) ln(c t 1 ) (1) The data is first tested for normality by using JB (Jarque-Bera) test and to test unit root, Dickey-Fuller test is used. To examine the nature of volatility GARCH (Generalised Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscadasticity) can be used. Engle (1982) introduced the ARCH model in his study Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation as the first formal model, which seemed to capture the phenomena of changing variance in time series data. Bollerslev (1986) extends Engle s (1982) ARCH process by allowing the conditional variance to follow an ARMA process. This model is known as a generalized ARCH model, or GARCH model. Any GARCH model consists of two distinct specifications. The first is the conditional mean equation and the second is the conditional variance equation. The mean equation for volatility modeling is formed as follows: p q r t = 0 + i r t i + ε t + θ i ε t i. (2) i=1 i=1 30

4 Where r t is the daily returns on equity and r t i represents lag returns which are considered as regresors and ε t represent random shocks. The conditional variance equation is formed as: ɛ t = v t h t v t ~iid(0, 1) h t = α 0 + p i=1 α i 2 ε t i Where, α 0 > 0, α i 0, β j 0 and α i + β j < 0. q + j=1 β j h t i GARCH (p, q) (3) A significant ARCH coefficient (α 1) indicates that there is significant impact of previous period shocks on current period volatility. The ARCH coefficient (α i) is also treated as recent news component which explains that recent news has a significant impact on price changes which implies the impact of yesterday s news on today s volatility. The GARCH coefficient (β i) measures the impact of last period variance on current period volatility. A significant GARCH coefficient (β i) indicates the presence of volatility clustering. A positive β i indicates that positive stock price changes are associated with further positive changes and vice versa. A relatively higher values of β 1implies a larger memory for shocks. The GARCH coefficient (β 1) also treated as old news component which implies that the news which is old by more than one day plays a significant role in volatility. The sum of the ARCH and GARCH coefficients i.e. (α i+ β i) indicates the extent to which a volatility shock is persistent over time. A persistent volatility shock raises the asset price volatility. To examine the leverage effect TARCH (The Threshold Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscadasticity) model can be framed. Though ARCH and GARCH models respond to good and bad news or positive and negative shocks and quite useful in forecasting and measuring volatility but these models are unable to capture the leverage effect or asymmetric information. The rational and underlying logic of asymmetric or leverage effect is that the distribution of stock return is highly asymmetric. An interesting future of asset prices is that bad news (negative shocks) seems to have a more pronounced effect on volatility than that of good news (positive shocks) of the same magnitude, that is, bad news is followed by larger increase in price volatility than good news of the same magnitude. It is known that the magnitude of the response of asset prices to shocks depends on whether the shock is negative or positive. To demonstrate this point Engle and Ng (1990) mapped the relationship between the conditional variance of asset returns to exogenous shocks which resulted in what they termed a news impact curve. Another explanation of asymmetry is called the volatility feedback hypothesis (Campbell and Hentschel, 1992). This was developed to explain stock price volatility. A negative shock to volatility increases the future risk premium. This would cause the stock price to fall if the future dividends are expected to remain the same (Schwert 1989). Nelson (1991) proposed an exponential GARCH model or EGARCH model which is the earliest extension of the GARCH model that incorporates asymmetric effects in returns from speculative prices based on a logarithmic expression of the conditional variability of variable under analysis. Later on Zakoian (1994) introduced the Threshold ARCH (TARCH) model. The idea behind TARCH model is that ε t 1 = 0 is a threshold such that shocks greater than the threshold has different effects than shocks below the threshold. The Threshold ARCH (p, q) process is: p h t = α 0 + α i i=1 2 ε t i 2 + λ 1 d t 1 ε t 1 + β j h t j q j=1 TARCH (p, q).. (4) Where, d t 1 is a dummy variable d t 1 = { 1 if, ε t 1 < 0 0, if ε t 1 0 In this model, λ 1 is used to capture the asymmetrical effect. Accordingly, good news (E t-1 > 0), and bad news (E t-1 < 0), have differential effects on the conditional variance. The positive values of E t-1 are associated with a zero value of d t-1. Hence, if E t-1 > 0 then the effect of E t-1 on h t is α 1 E 2 t-1. When E t-1 < 0 then d t-1 =1 and the effect of E t-1 on h t is (α 1+ λ 1) E 2 t- 1. The presence of leverage effects or asymmetric effects can be tested by the hypothesis λ 1< 0. The impact is asymmetry if λ 1 0. If λ 1 is negative, implying that bad news has a bigger impact on volatility than that of good news of the same magnitude. To examine the relationship between returns and volatility GARCH-M model can be used. Engle, Lilien and Robins (1987) extend the basic ARCH framework to allow the mean of a sequence to depend on its own conditional variance. This class of model, called the ARCH in mean (ARCH M) model, is particularly suited to the study of asset markets. 31

5 Stock Market Volatility and Returns: A Study of National Stock Exchange in India Intaz Ali, Alfina Khatun Talukdar The basic insight is that risk-averse agents will require compensation for holding a risky asset. The GARCH M model form as follows: r t = ω + θh t + ε t (5) GARCH M (Mean Equation) ɛ t = v t h t v t ~iid(0, 1) (Variance Equation) h t = α 0 + α i p q 2 + β j h t i GARCH (p, q) ε t i i=1 j=1 Where: r t = daily returns on equity, θ = risk premium parameter. A positive θ indicates that the return is positively related to volatility process. In other words, higher value of θ represents greater the impact of conditional variance on excess return. 7. Result and Discussion Indices Mean Standard Deviation Table 1: Descriptive Statistics of Three Broad Market Indices: Kurtosis Skewness Minimum Maximum JB Statistics CNX Midcap CNX cap Small CNX Nifty Source: Compiled by author from the data collected from The descriptive statistics of the daily CNX Midcap, CNX Small cap and S&P CNX Nifty return series are reported in the Table 1. It is observed that the returns during the study period varies between to So a wide range of fluctuation in daily returns is shown in these three return series. The mean returns of CNX Midcap, CNX Small cap and S&P CNX Nifty are , and respectively. The daily volatility of the three return series are , and The highest volatility and the highest mean return is shown in S&P CNX Nifty, that is, to get more return the investor has to bear more risk. CNX Midcap and CNX Smallcap show moderate risk and moderate returns and low risk and low returns respectively. Skewness is negative which indicates a relatively a long left tail for all indices. The Kurtosis for all the indices is more than 3 (excess kurtosis), thus they are leptokurtic, i.e., the frequency distribution assigns a higher probability to returns around zero as well as very high positive and high negative returns. Likewise, a highly significant large JB statistic confirms that the return series are not normally distributed and indicate the presence of heteroscedasticity. Hence GARCH model is suitable for testing of hypothesis. Table 2: Dickey-Fuller Unit Root Test of Three Broad market Indices Indices Coefficient Standard Error DF test-statistic P value S&P CNX Nifty CNX MIDCAP CNX SMALLCAP Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result The study here employs the unit root test to examine the time series properties of concerned variables. Unit root test describes whether a series is stationary or non- stationary. For the test of unit root the present study employs the Dicky- 32

6 Fuller test. DF is used to measure the stationarity of time series data, which in turn tells whether regression can be done on the data, or not. From Table 2 it is observed that the Dicky-Fuller test statistic for all variables is greater than the critical values at less than one per cent level of significance. Table 3: Ljung-Box (Q) Statistics for ARCH Effect Indices Autocorrelation (40) Partial Autocorrelation (40) Ljung-Box (Q) Statistics (40) P-value S & P CNX Nifty CNX Midcap CNX Small cap Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result To test whether there is ARCH effect or not Ljung-Box Q statistic is used on squared residual series of the mean model (ε t 2 ). In the Ljung-Box Q test the null hypothesis is that the first 40 th lags of autocorrelation function (ACF) of the squared residual series are zero that implies there is no ARCH effect (Mc Leod and Li 1983). From the Ljung- Box Q statistics it is observed that the null hypothesis is rejected at less than one per cent level of significance for these three broad market indices indicating that the ARCH effect exists. Table 4: Result of GARCH (1, 1) of Three Broad market Indices Indices Coefficients Value of Coefficients Standard Error Z-statistic P value α 1 + β 1 S&P CNX Nifty α β α e e CNX Midcap α β α e e CNX Small cap α β α e e Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result Table 4 shows the result of GARCH (1, 1) model for three broad market indices. The result suggests that the coefficients α 1 and β 1 are statistically significant and are within parametric restriction, thus implying a greater impact of shocks on volatility. A significant ARCH coefficient (α 1) indicates that there is significant impact of previous period shocks on current period volatility. The ARCH coefficient (α 1) is also treated as recent news component which explains that recent news has a significant impact on price changes which implies the impact of yesterday s news on today s volatility. The GARCH coefficient (β 1) measures the impact of last period variance on current period volatility. A significant GARCH coefficient (β 1) indicates the presence of volatility clustering. A positive β 1 indicates that positive stock price changes are associated with further positive changes and vice versa. A relatively higher values of β 1implies a larger memory for shocks. The GARCH coefficient (β 1) also treated as old news component, which implies that the news that is old by more than one day plays a significant role in volatility. The sum of the ARCH and GARCH coefficients i.e. (α 1+ β 1) indicates the extent to which a volatility shock is persistent over time. A persistent volatility 33

7 Stock Market Volatility and Returns: A Study of National Stock Exchange in India Intaz Ali, Alfina Khatun Talukdar shock raises the asset price volatility. From table 4 it is observed that the degree of volatility persistent is very high as the sum of α 1and β 1 are approach to one. The highest volatility persistency is shown in S&P CNX Nifty and lowest in CNX Small cap. From Table 4 it reveals that the impact of recent news on volatility is higher in CNX Small cap and lower in S&P CNX Nifty. On the other hand, the impact of old news on volatility is higher in S&P CNX Nifty and lowers in CNX Small cap, that is, volatility clustering is more in S&P CNX Nifty and less in CNX Small cap. Table 5: Diagnostic Test for GARCH (1, 1) model of Three Broad Market Indices Standardized Residuals Square Standardized Residual Diagnostic Test of GARCH (1, 1) Indices Q(10) Q(20) Q2 (10) Q2 (20) AIC SBIC Log likelihood Wald chi2 Prob. >chi2 S&P CNX Nifty (0.37) (0.26) (0.07) (0.17) CNX Midcap (0.12) (0.31) 6.49 (0.77) (0.54) CNX Small cap (0.01) (0.08) (0.10) (0.20) Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result. Note: The value in the parenthesis is p value To check the adequacy of the mean equation the Ljung-Box (Q) statistics of standardized residual is used and that of square standardized residual is used to check for adequacy of volatility equation. The diagnostic test for model adequacy as shown in table 5 suggests that the Ljung-Box (Q) statistics and their probability values are highly insignificant indicating that there is no further serial correlation in standardized residuals and square standardized residuals. It means that both the mean and variance models fit the data well except the CNX Small cap where the mean model is not well fitted but the volatility model is well fitted. This unfitted mean model is considered as it is the best for joint estimation. That is the GARCH (1, 1) model is suitable for all return serues. The Wald Chi-squares and their probability values are highly significant indicating that the joint estimation of mean and variance equations is also adequate for all return series. Table 6: The Result of TARCH (1, 1) Model of Three Broad Market Indices Indices Coefficients Value of Coefficients Standard Error Z-statistic P value S&P CNX Nifty α λ β α e e CNX Midcap α λ β α e e CNX Small cap α

8 λ β α e e Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result Table 6 presents the result of TARCH (1, 1) model for three broad market indices of NSE. The TARCH model takes the leverage effect into account. The presence of leverage effect implies that every price changes are responding asymmetrically to the positive and negative shocks in the market. In the conditional variance equation; the ARCH coefficient and the GARCH coefficient are statistically significant for all the return series implying a greater impact of shocks on volatility. The asymmetric term is negative and statistically significant indicating that the volatility is high when there is negative shocks in the market than that of positive shocks for all return series. From table 6 it is revealed that leverage effect is higher in CNX Midcap where as lower in CNX Small cap. Table 7: Diagnostic Test for TARCH (1, 1) Model of Three Broad Market Indices Standardised Residuals Square Standardised Resdual Diagnostic Test of TARCH model Indices Q-10 Q-20 Q 2-10 Q 2-20 AIC SBIC Log likelihood S&P Nifty CNX Midcap CNX CNX Small cap (0.13) (0.22) ( (0.39) (0.42) (0.16) 9.13 (0.51) 3.23 (0.97) (0.22) (0.37) (0.66) (0.22) Wald chi2 Prob > chi Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result. Note: The value in the parenthesis is p value To check the adequacy of the mean equation the Ljung-Box (Q) statistics of standardized residual is used and that of square standardized residual is used to check for adequacy of volatility equation. The diagnostic test for model adequacy suggest that the Ljung-Box (Q) statistics and their probability values are highly insignificant indicating that there is no further serial correlation in standardized residuals and square standardised residuals. It means that both the mean and variance models fit the data well. That is the TARCH (1, 1) model is suitable for all return series. The Wald Chi-squares and their probability values are highly significant indicating that the joint estimation of mean and variance equations is also adequate for all return series. Table 8: Result of GARCH-M (1, 1) of Three Broad Market Indices Model Coefficients S&P CNX Nifty CNX Midcap CNX Small cap GARCH M (1, 1) θ ω *** *** *** α * * * β * * * α * 4.43e-06* * 35

9 Stock Market Volatility and Returns: A Study of National Stock Exchange in India Intaz Ali, Alfina Khatun Talukdar Log Likelyhood Wald chi2 (p-value) 6.70 (0.03) (0.00) (0.00) AIC SBIC Source: Compiled by author from the estimated result Note: *, **, and *** indicates the level of significance at less than or equal 1%, 5% and 10% level respectively. The GARCH in mean model shows the relation between returns and volatility or risk. Here θ is the risk parameter. A significant positive θ indicates that there is direct relationship between return and volatility. If volatility increases then return will also increase and vice versa. Here the θ coefficient is insignificant for all indices. The mean returns is higher in CNX Smallcap and lower in S&P CNX Nifty where as the value of θ is higher in CNX Smallcap and lower in S&P CNX Nifty, indicating that higher risk provides higher returns which is consistent with previous theory. Another important finding is that Smallcap index provides more returns as compared to midcap and largecap indices. Both α 1 and β 1 are statistically significant which implies that both the new and old shocks have significant impact on volatility. 8. Conclusions The study reveals that the volatility in the three broad market indices of NSE viz. S&P CNX Nifty, CNX Midcap and CNX Small cap exhibits the characteristics like volatility clustering, asymmetry effect and persistence of volatility in their daily return. The study finds that there exists a significant presence of volatility clustering and degree of volatility is persistent which implies the recent news as well as past news both has an impact on volatility of all indices. The study also finds the existence of leverage effect indicating that the negative shocks or bad news have more impact on volatility than that of positive shocks or good news. The study further examines the relation between returns and volatility and it is found that the relation between returns and volatility for all the three broad market indices are statistically insignificant. References 1 Balaban, E. and Bayar, A. (2005), Stock Returns and Volatility: Empirical Evidence from Fourteen Countries, Applied Economics Letters, Taylor and Francis, Vol. 12, pp Bollerslev, T. (1986), Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity, Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, Vol. 31 pp Chang-Jin Kim, James C. Morley and Charles R. Nelson (2004), Is There a Positive Relationship between Stock Market Volatility and the Equity Premium? Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Ohio State University Press, Vol. 36, pp Engle, R. F. (1982), Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity with Estimates of the Variance of United Kingdom Inflation, Econometrica, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp Engle, R. F. (1993), Statistical Models for Financial Volatility, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp Engle, R. F., Lilien, D. M. and Robins, R. P. (1987), Estimating Time Varying Risk Premia in the Term 36

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