What are the key features of investing in alternative fixed income?

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1 Alternative view What are the key features of investing in alternative fixed income? By Rob Evers & Niek Swagers April 2018 Intended exclusively for professional clients/institutional investors and not for retail clients.

2 What are the key features of investing in alternative fixed income? There is increasing interest in alternative fixed income as an asset class from investors. Low interest rates and low yields from traditional investment categories have led investors to alternative fixed income as part of their search for yield. However, it is not always clear which investment categories fit within the alternative fixed income spectrum. What are the characteristics of this new kid on the block and why are these investments considered attractive? The answers to these questions provide insight into the added value of alternative fixed income. Alternative fixed income investments, such as private loans, direct mortgage loans and distressed debt, can be distinguished from traditional investments on many criteria 1 but we use the following five: level of regulation; illiquidity; securitization; diversification; and 'non-normal' return distribution. In this article, we describe these criteria and show how they can be used to help the decision-making process for investors considering an investment in alternative fixed income. Level of regulation Alternative fixed income investments often offer a higher expected return than traditional fixed income investments. The higher return can be partly explained by the fact that these investments are less regulated and are often nonlisted. This means that the market for alternative fixed income investments is often less 'crowded', offering an opportunity for investors who are able and willing to enter the market. However, investors should be aware that this lower level of regulation also means that alternative investments are often less transparent. It is therefore important for investors to have in-depth knowledge of the market they are considering and sufficient expertise in assessing the investment opportunities and risks. Illiquidity Alternative investments are generally considered to be illiquid. However, in practice, the level of illiquidity can be regarded as a continuum, whereby different investments can be considered more or less liquid than others. Illiquidity is an important consideration for investors investors will demand higher returns from their illiquid investments compared to more liquid investments. This demand for higher returns is often referred to as an illiquidity premium and will be reflected in a discount on the purchase price compared to more liquid investment categories. The illiquidity premium represents the lower marketability of these investments and the uncertainty about how much value will be realized when the investments come to be sold. For listed investments, the degree of illiquidity can often be measured by the bid-ask spread. A higher bid-ask spread indicates an asset is less liquid and cannot be easily sold without accepting a discount on the prevailing price of the asset. For this reason, investors generally invest in illiquid assets over longer periods (often to maturity) in order to realize the illiquidity premium and offset the higher trading costs. In doing so, investors can also expect a term premium from the fact they are making capital available to the borrower over a longer time horizon. 1 Anson, Chambers, Black, & Kazemi (2012), CAIA Level I An Introduction to Core Topics in Alternative Investments, Chapter 1 page 8-14, John Wiley & Sons. 2

3 Securitization Securitization is the process of pooling a large set of loans (such as residential mortgages, car loans or credit card debts) and selling the rights to their related cash flows to investors as new bonds. This restructuring process aims to increase the accessibility for investors and also attract a wider range of investors. Asset-backed securities and mortgage-backed securities are examples of this kind of structured investment. The perceived disadvantages of securitized investments are that they are often viewed as complex in nature and that the risks are more difficult for investors to assess. However, the structure of a securitized investment need not be complicated: most are bundled packages of loans, split into various tranches with different credit ratings and risk-return profiles. The higher priority tranches will have first rights to income from the investments and therefore offer a higher credit rating, more security but a lower return. The lower priority tranches will receive income only once the higher priority tranches have received their share and will also absorb the effects of any defaults on the underlying loans. They will therefore have lower security but a higher expected return in compensation. Note that, during the financial crisis, problems with subprime mortgage-backed securities in the United States were caused by an underestimation of the risks on the underlying loans. This shows that the quality of the collateral is key to the quality of a securitized product. The provided look through to the underlying loans is therefore necessary to assess the risks. This also helps to avoid unwanted leverage or multiple re-selling that are sometimes features of securitized products. Diversification An alternative fixed income investment is often characterized by its low correlation with traditional investment categories. This means that investing in alternative fixed income offers investors the opportunity to reduce risk in their investment portfolio. Diversifying their investment portfolio can help institutional investors to achieve their long-term financial goals with an enhanced risk-return profile. For long-term investors, such as pension funds and insurance companies, investing in alternative fixed income is interesting because it can reduce investment portfolio volatility without sacrificing return. The question here is whether the increased illiquidity causes problems in changing or maintaining the investment strategy. For example, the illiquidity of an alternative investment may introduce the risk that it is not possible to change or rebalance the asset allocation within an investment portfolio quickly and without significant costs. This in turn may reduce the benefits of the increased diversification. Accessing higher expected returns through illiquidity premia and, at the same time, managing the increased diversification may therefore be at odds with one another. These risks can however be mitigated by investigating scenarios where problems may arise and considering how the investor might react to such scenarios. 'Non-normal' return distribution A non-normal or skewed distribution of realized returns is something to take into account when investing in alternative fixed income. Some alternative investments tend to record extreme positive and negative returns more often than traditional asset classes. This can be caused by a smaller market size, infrequent pricing and/or non-linear payoff of certain alternative investment categories. A smaller market size means less opportunities to diversify within an alternative investment category, which can lead to more vulnerability to specific risks. For infrequently traded (illiquid) investments, the adjustments in valuations take place at a slower pace and will therefore not reflect rapidly changing market conditions. This infrequent pricing may lead to spikes in returns. Non-linear payoffs are caused by option-like features that are embedded into certain investments, such as convertible bonds. This means that investors need to bear in mind that returns of alternative investments may react differently to market developments than traditional investments. 3

4 How do investments score on the criteria? Despite the challenges associated with the illiquidity and the valuation of alternative investments, the benefits are numerous. The characteristics of alternative fixed income investments explain why institutional investors decide to incorporate this type of investments in their investment portfolio. Investors receive an illiquidity premium, a complexity premium and are able to diversify their investment portfolio. The following table gives an overview of some specific investment categories and their score on the five criteria that we have described in this article. For each investment category, the criteria with a high fit are ticked and otherwise left blank. For example, government bonds are a regulated market so the criteria less regulated / non-listed is not ticked, whereas government-related private loans are ticked. The scores on the criteria can also change over time, e.g. the level of liquidity and diversification of an investment category can be lower in times of market stress. Overview of criteria for alternative fixed income Less regulated / non-listed Illiquidity Securitization Diversification Non-normal distribution Alternative fixed income Governments Government Bonds Local Governments Bonds Inflation-Linked Bonds Supranational Bonds Government-Related Private Loans Corporates Credits (listed) Leveraged Loans Distressed Debt Covered Bonds Convertible Bonds Infrastructure Debt Private Placements (direct lending) Securitized Mortgage-Backed Securities Asset-Backed Securities Catastrophe Bonds Consumers Direct Mortgage Loans Consumer Loans Table 1: Overview of some investment categories and their score on the five criteria for alternative fixed income. A high fit with a criteria is ticked and otherwise left blank. Source: Aegon Asset Management, as of April The table above offers some insight into the different aspects which need to be considered when comparing alternative fixed income categories with each other and with traditional investment categories. It helps an investor to understand the important features of an alternative fixed income investment. This can serve as an initial guide for investors wishing to investigate the risks and benefits of introducing alternative fixed income categories to their portfolio. 4

5 About the author This article is written by Rob Evers and Niek Swagers of Aegon Asset Management. Rob is Investment Specialist Alternative Fixed Income and gives advice to institutional investors on the implementation of alternative fixed income in the investment portfolio. Niek is senior consultant in Investment Solutions and helps institutional investors to formulate their investment strategy that fits with their goals, ambitions and risk appetite. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Sibrand Drijver, Oliver Warren and David van Bragt for their useful suggestions when preparing this article. About the Investment Solutions Center The Investment Solutions Center of Aegon Asset Management is the knowledge hub for investment strategy solutions. Various experts of Aegon Asset Management collaborate on research in areas such as balance sheet management, regulatory impact, capital optimization and Asset-Liability Management. We combine our joint knowledge and expertise to support our clients with insights and suitable solutions. More information Sander van der Wel, Head of Financial Institutions Aegon Asset Management Netherlands T (0) E. sander.vanderwel@aegonassetmanagement.com Frank Drukker, Sr. Business Development Director Aegon Asset Management Netherlands T (0) E. frank.drukker@aegonassetmanagement.com Important Information: This communication is provided by Aegon Asset Management as general information and is intended exclusively for Institutional and Wholesale investors as well as Professional Clients as defined by local laws and regulations. This document is for informational purposes only and shall not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation to buy any investment nor shall any offer of products or services be made to any person in any jurisdiction where unlawful or unauthorized. In Europe this document is distributed as marketing for promotional purposes and is not investment research, advice or a recommendation. Any opinions, estimates, or forecasts expressed are the current views of the author(s) at the time of publication and are subject to change without notice. The research taken into account in this document may or may not have been used for or be consistent with all Aegon Asset Management investment strategies. References to securities, asset classes and financial markets are included for illustrative purposes only and should not be relied upon to assist or inform the making of any investment decisions. 5

6 The information contained in this material does not take into account any investor's investment objectives, particular needs, or financial situation. Nothing in this material constitutes investment, legal, accounting or tax advice, or a representation that any investment or strategy is suitable or appropriate to any particular investor. Reliance upon information in this material is at the sole discretion of the recipient. Aegon Asset Management is under no obligation, expressed or implied, to update the information contained herein. Past performance is not a guide to future performance. All investments contain risk and may lose value. An issuer of bonds may be unable to make payments due to the client s managed account (known as a default). The value of bonds may fall as default becomes more likely. Both default and expected default may cause the account's value to fall. Investment grade bonds generally offer lower returns because of their lower default risk in comparison to high yield bonds which generally offer a comparatively higher return due to the increased risk of default. Investing in distressed loans and bankrupt companies are speculative and may be subject to greater levels of credit, issuer, or liquidity risks, and the repayment of default obligations contains significant uncertainties; such companies may be engaged in restructurings or bankruptcy proceedings. The value of real estate and portfolios that invest in real estate may fluctuate due to losses from casualty or condemnation, changes in local and general economic conditions, supply and demand, interest rates, property tax rates, regulatory limitations on rents, zoning laws, and operating expenses. Structured Products (such as ABS, MBS and CLOs) are complex instruments typically involving a high degree of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. The market value of these instruments may be affected by changes in economic, financial, and political environment (including but not limited to spot and forward interest and exchange rates), as well as market, maturity and credit quality of the issuer. Aegon Asset Management (AAM) is the global investment management brand of Aegon Group N.V. and is comprised of the companies listed below, as well as other Aegon affiliates. This communication may be issued by the following entities: Kames Capital plc (Kames) is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and is additionally a registered investment adviser with the United States (US) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Aegon Investment Management B.V. (AIMBV) and TKP Investment B.V. (TKPI) are registered with the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets as a licensed fund management company. Aegon Magyarország Befektetési Alapkezelő Zártkörűen Működő Részvénytársaság (AAM CEE) is registered with the National Bank of Hungary as a licensed fund management company. On the basis of their fund management licenses these entities are authorised to provide individual portfolio management and advisory services. Aegon Asset Management Pan Europe B.V. (AAM PE) is an appointed introducer for Kames Capital plc, Aegon Investment Management B.V. and TKP Investments B.V. (Aegon Asset Management manufacturing entities) currently located in Germany, Spain and Japan. AAM PE does not operate in the Americas. Aegon USA Investment Management, LLC ( Aegon Asset Management ( Aegon AM US ) and Aegon USA Realty Advisors, LLC ( Aegon Real Assets US ) are both US SEC registered investment advisers. Aegon Asset Management US is also registered as a Commodity Trading Advisor (CTA) with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and is a member of the National Futures Association (NFA). Aegon Asset Management (Asia) Limited is licensed by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong to provide services in securities dealing and securities advising. Recipient shall not distribute, publish, sell, license or otherwise create derivative works using any of the content of this report without the prior written consent. 2018, Aegon Asset Management. 6