! " P7"!" >8?&" *%H> (7)+R : " l= 3

Transcription

1 ""+*")" %&'( "#$"! : :! "!.%0 $"%& 12-% 34% 5"!" # +,-* $"%& ' ()!" # + -" >8?&" 59"+ ' ()<3=9!" + % ')" <78) ("9 :9 1 -" 4;.% >8?&" 12-% :="% >8?&" %" 9 12& 328&!" 83 <"%=> 19 <! K- (,9 <! >8?&" 9 CD E"%> -9 1F4 G" HI" J:).:= 9 1? " (A?B" + <"%=> 19 1FM 1N + <! (!-:=8"% 1N O?3=38 ()1N!"?-" G38).-" LM ST!" U>VT" + -" 83 1F4 G" S " P: (N M YZ- + )P" E3H0 + 1LX + P:!" SPSS "L"*!" PQ?-" 9 + (+W$8& 1=-.-" P:3- *X" 19 (P3_?:=` <%3-a OF <%!W O<%-3 ]^) G33M + [3I%?3=& e32m O(Beta=c) >8?&" *X" 3_? 1 :) < S340 G" ()1? 1?9"+ 3_? g"+ G33M O38)" <"L3 ]3 19 (Beta=f) gq19 8?>" + O(Beta=ff).(R 2 =i) :=) E# " 1?9"+ 3_? g"+!" % i :" 1?"% 3_? () G" h%8x l;" O(,-* k%q OgQ 19 8?>" O>8?&" *X" O>8?&" :& $%"#."a=- OM Ghoreishi3583@yahoo.com.LM P7" 3" 1.LM P7"?-" 2.LM P7"!" >8?&" *%H> (7)+R : " l= 3

2 () (#8) ("9 12& (m>" 18) G?- B ("9 )I X" <"% " %8 [2 12-%!" EI; $= <: ' % :=W 9 k%q O1,2 <#" O K%T 39%HZ 'nh>.(midgely&etal, 1989: 23) (! $"% <! >8?&" ("9 + P%M <# (9 (=9" 18) ("9 OI2 + -" P%9 <! *:> 9 EI" o0f G38) 19.-" 1? " %&+ -9 O-" P: >8?&" ' U&!" # <W + <! >8?&" %m; 1?38)" 9 39 h%^% <W 1=39 : + G33M p3;!" G" 9 CD E"%>.-" 12& B" 18) O1?12-% ()% 7?12-% EH>!" # K; ) K; ()% + -" (A?B" O>8?&" ()1I> <! q%ar9 --" <"!" # <"%=> 19 <!!"?9 O": 12-% 19 <:3- %N= % s 1 -" P" < = + 19 O12-% ().? 1>%8X G.:=8 PQ?-" 12& L3 + )3F2 :3F%!9 + :3F% " 8 + <& ST= 13H <!!" P:==:3F% <! O(A?B" 1M=& 1%8 ("9.:" 12-% :+ 9 5M ()3F2 <! 3; + 'nh> ".:=?)?-+,%A0 19 W P:==G332 + K% % ()(L19!" (39 O12-% 12-% ()Pu+ + )19 :+ EH ]&% % G" + % Pt- %" -.(Momsen,1991:104) a 328&!" 83 1 O<! *+LF 1? "a *a 12-% P" L3 <"" 1!!" (::& <"+ 1 OV-".V4"!" @39 O:=?) % >- 9 <%= :+ G" + % P?a <! %m; O% 'B <! %- ()@r9 <! ()3H9B!" <"L19 1 -" P: p>9 + " 1"" (?39 1- Momsen

3 1,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & :=` a!" g.:m9 P9 (A?B" + 7=) <%a%a ()1=3! vi%a <%a%a %&+ <! P" - 9 (:2? $"% + UV#!%=) <! K2!" 1) 9 + -" >8?&" + 7=) UM-=!" UV# + $"% G"!" 9." + (+9 % *:> + % ()"% 19 M <! Q= 7 + 4H!T 19 L =) E"%> g.( : O3? W) a w%9 W gq 19 8?>" %M8!" :9 -" 1?a "B 12& <! 9"9 (:- <%x8) 1 QH?r >8?&" 19 :"%?9 12& O-" 12& y!3 E"%> G" = + % 1? " 9 <! ( (%H&.(}}~}z :sz{ O8 ) := ":3 - ": 12-% + (!9 ()Pa:!" 1 P%8 19X ",%0 O3" 1) :=` <"" 12& <! P7 UM-= 13 ; "" 12& vmfn 1 O<! P%.-" P 32M % <! 12-% P: >8?&" + (A?B" ()1I> + P: 1? ": >8?&" ()(:=8"% (4 " 19 F>!%W?a + "%- 9 O-" P: 1?a N?" + -" 12& + P"% :!" (?39 '- ]FT <%=" ') + P:! - % 19 +!W G" V-".V4" :29 + EMB K- P." " (,9 ()32B% + P7 ()1I> <!?39 %m; 9 P!+" " O%9 SH2? (<7Mr) <!!" #`% 14MT?=- + G3 (A?B" 14MT <"?!" &% E9B '- G?-% >8?&".(ff : O]HT( ) -" P: E:M P?a v?m -"% y 19 O<7Mr $8& 19 + ))aw YZ- PR%9 3" 1) 1- U,%0 + (A?B" O-3- <)"% "" <! 1 :) < <! UV3A0 (:& ()@F` 9 (,-* =) O#+ G" 9 + :=?) <" 9 9"9 >8?&".-" 1&"%!" :=) *X" )(9"9 G? "9 <3!" ("9 <& <! 1 )V <V : YZ- $"% T.-" 3" <B >8?&" ' ()ar+ ~-3- ()1=3! < MFZ 3a" % 9"9 1?- ""+ " )% O)F+ #3!" 83 <"%=> 19 <! 1 "! :=) < JZ2" %!"...+ >8?&"~(A?B"

4 2 + <"%!" (3aP9 <+:9 1 :=?) E2QF9 + P%4F9 ()":2?-"+ )(:=8"% ("" 12& %9 :)"% "% + G#8 OKWP:" (!-% + 12-% 19 93?- OW ()":2?-".(f : O]HT( ) 38)" ("" L3 (7 U&!" <! h%^% 1 %8 1^" :9 G3=x8)!" J:) y <"%=> %- <! 1 G" r -"!" + %- U":B" + U838A :9 <! 1 =2 G:9.-" <"%=> 19 W ("9 (3a'38A + (L19 E;" 18) G" + := 9 1? " G:9 -" 12-% 1X3? + :=W!" r9 % 1 G" *+.% 4H!" 19 W # "% + 8?>" g; O% ]&% <! 1 =2 + )":2?-" : % (?39 >- 9 )3F2 <:- W 9 ) T + )19 ("&" 1=L) + % ')" W () 3BV!+9.( : O%1?-"W) G" P9 G" =3> + l%8h p09 y T ("9 O % ] " 19 1&% 9 O@)+R (W 12& <"%=> 19 LM.r?" 9 +! U,"%- 9 L8 9 " 2- # W 1=3! G" " CD E"%> + "9 <! >8?&" 12-% & a :!- ˆ-" :; 1` LM K- (,9 <! >8?&" <"L3 ~ ˆ:" 3C <! >8?&" 9 E"%> *": ~ ˆ-" "B 1`!" <! >8?&" 9 CD E"%> ] "1HH- ~ *) (+, 19? <%X" 7» <"%=> 9 " [-% + P"!F H2F":M>? (A?B" P7 :!" := M> S340 E4? ()3_?.:"P" *X" «<! -3-3_? <%X" >8?&" ()ar+ + <%X" >8?&" 32B% OP"% >8?&" +

5 3,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & G" (W 12& + <! M <%X" 7 OS340 1?9"+ 1%8 U%I 19 <%X" G"!" Q ":2 1 -"!"3 P7" <%X" S340 32^+ OH3A0 1? ()3_? 1 -" G" 739 1HI; Š?.-" P:.r?" M 7 =2 1?9"+ 3_? 9 : :W + K_? " 32^+ OH3A0 $Z4 OG- OE) H_ FL= ()3_? G39 1 F; O": ("=2 1Z9" O<! P:) ("=2 1Z9" <! 19 M 7 9 : + UV3A0 + : 19 M 7 P"% >8?&" ~(A?B" P7 G39 H F; + :a.(~i :O(3 ) " %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! -3- *X" «< <":+ >8?&" 32^+ G33M» <"%=> 9 )+R (!3 '3)Q!" # 1FL= 19 *%Q G" (N P7?- <39-9 <W J:) + -" P" %7` L3 + (N U&!" >8?&" *%H> U39" (:3H <"L3 G33M + -= <W9 P+V>.-" 12FZ % P!%; <W 9X G" HI" J":)"!" 12FZ % 12& ()%7F" + 29" -= L3 + >8?&" ("L&" + %Z- G332 + >8?&" 19 w%9 ()1QFD <39 *!, ()P" (+W$8& 9 + P: <#" <W 9X <%!W + H8> [2 <W 19 w%9 P9 S340 ()1?.-" P: -9 >8?&" 32^+ 12FZ % P!%;!" + M) + H0 Oa"% %" " <3"" <%9? Pa: O-9 12& 9.( :f O(!3) := :3 >8?&" + %8> %" <W <%9? <"L3 9 >8?&" *X" 3C -9» <"%=> (C% <"L3 1 :) < «"8> ()3F2 <-" <?-" <3?-+ (":7 + 33_ 1H; + -" 5-%? :; "&" + (L19 1H; <3?-+ "8> 9 "% :29 + "%- OG- ()3_? G39.-" 5-%? :;! )Pu+ G39 L3 + ) 1Z9" "8> + E_ h% G39 F+ O": %&+ 1Z9" <3?-+." %&+ (%B 1Z9" >8?&" + >8?&" 8?>"

6 *+ <":+ >8?&" <"L3?= 12& -9» <"%=> OG + «(<" (" 14Z= (% 12FZ) P"" 9 <W 3C + (" ()3F2 %&+ 1Z9" + :B9 l;" G39 1 -" ; <W Š? 1 -" P" *X".": %&+ 1Z9" (" 9 19 * E8 + (:=P: <"L3 G39 + " G39 L3 + (" 9 + (" ()3F2!" * )aw <"L3 G39 G3=x8).(i OG +)." %&+ 1Z9" (" 9 + (" 9 * 8?>" + : <: ("13 ; 19 (A?B" =313 ; 1 -" P" < % qr " O3+0 l;" + (9" " " (+.% X= -3- $^+ O1_ %- O("%-9 (,9 <"L3.: 13 ; 19 + :" 12& G?!" " <W +Q 9 %&+!" -" 34 * 37=" 1 O%8> E& +? ":9 :>.((Qn!" E4 19 i : O13%) -" & 9"9 E-+!" # : U3; 1 -" P" < 4340 K 5M 12& "" >8?&" P7 9 (+ N 19.-" 49 1MHn ("9 (+^ ":=` :="% 8 :" =3 >8?&" P7 12& 1 (34 "" -".(<8)!" E4 19 : OK W) := 9 1? " >8?&" <& h%8x OUV3A0 OE_ O:W OG- ()3_? 9 :3 G8^.K".( C%!- %m> + =3 OgQ 19 8?>" O>8?&" + (A?B" P7 () ()3_?!" gq 19 8?>" + "%- OG- 1 := <"%=> "" -3- <"L3.(Barkan, 1999: 63-76) :=?) >8?&" <"L3 9 CD + :=8 :B } Z " 9 5M E"%> «("12& ()%».? L3 GF+" G3F+ <" 1? a 1 3a 1X3? +!" P: *X" U := <? <"L3 3" ()K- F+ O:"1? " E8 12& 19 <"L3 "" 9.-" P: 9"9 + <# (378` %0 19 P:0? U," s p 1- D.L.sheth 2- Olsen

7 *,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & ' OP#H3A0 "".:= "" :W 9 "" O FL= ' (A?B" + >8?&" FL= 9 "" O"%- :=?3 %m> 1 :"1MHT+" ()G8X" %m> 1 ("" + :W ' ""!".(Olsen,1991:14-15) :" 12& -. 83F- 1N.-" 8> 83F- 1N 12-% + 1=3! ]F& ()1N!" #,9 19 G3!" 12-% + * vi " 12-% + -"? 1N y O8>!" " " >8?&" 12-% O(A?B" 12-% (& 19 +".:".8 <W U+^ 19 <:3- E;P" = <"%=> 19? -"% 9 % [2 8> 83F >8?&" O(A?B" 12-% 1 -" :4?2 + := :3 <W 29" *8 12-% =2 :: :)"% X= G% -3- *N y X" 19 ST!" *%- <& $"%& 19 :!- <-W " % O* + 1H": :=W 1 " %&+ <#" G" OH-% ) :" *: % 9 " >8?&" 12-% + +" ]3 G".( : s G3=` U9+ _F =) : 1" <9! "+ K- 1 '3=38 Pu"+ )3=38.«-" 12& + %4;?a ":T 1 =3ŒW» :% [2 F%82 [ + *X"!" 9% 19 :"1? " %m; 1 ("1I> ) <! 1 :+9 G" 9 12& [H?r ()1I> <! (:& %m;!" $ 1 ": %&+ H3F "F :"P:W9 O>8?&" ()1I> 18) <" 9 <! 9"9 %m; *:> 1 :== K,:?-" W.: Pa:!".(ci : OL?) -" (,-: *N (%-!" (9"9 K8>" % %4;!" h ("9 O12& PaW + V "7= *4 <! O?3=38 <- 7 9%`` " K%0 ()@4 + P: E380 >8?&" 59"+ + :L3 1- Feminism

8 ** «12& ("9» ("19 L& (L3` OPa: G"!".:=).(fi : O]HT( ) :% Š39 <W M3 ("9 12& (m>" <W 9 1 -" N O12&!" ( ) OF#" '3=38 <"!"1N P:34> 19?- G (3=9 + :+W 1ZH- 0 " 7 ()<" O)<"!" 9?- G (3=9." 3r <"% " 34" + 5H!" ("1?-%3 ()%7F" O12& O<"!"1N G" :!".-" (,-: *N <8) 1 " SH2 3=& 19 (78? ()*W 19 1%7` 1 :3a (,-: ST!" ) ()3=38.:+W % UN 0 " W "3n "%&% <"%=> 19 + :== P7 34" 0 " <! <" O<W 1 :7" N " «(,-:» L3 1"+#"+ 18) O3a" >8?&" <!- y + & *N y <"%=> 19 *N G" + :+W E3F 19 OF"M3F '3=38 <"!"1N P:34> 19.-" P%9 a: )<# + )<! >8?&" () %- + :% +:0 % <8)!" <! 1 -" =& e32m 9 1 :"=& q ()@4 G38) $B"+.% P! 'B g=& + ("9 +Q?.:+W %&+ 19 1?9"+ "%&% W!" O:== E380 <! ("9 1 ("PR+ 5" " )?- :== 2- <! <W T 1 -" % :=" <! (!-:=8"%» UM> 19.(Ugbomeh, 2001: 293) «:!- <%aa O" P7 13 ; " W 1 PaW % + ()1?-"% + )!3!" <! <W T 1 -" (:=" (!-:=8"%» 7 H8> ("9 *!, "%!" + :== %4 % " J:) 19 93?- UŽ& :% ":3 % " (?39 gq 19 8?>" $B"+.:% "%9 % ()1?-"% G?- )1N - JV9 (!-:=8"% 1N.(f~ : O<"7 + 9?) «:== 1a ()@4 19 O:" :3 <! ()@4!" # 9 = 1 <! E -9 P!%; OgQ 19 8?>" O(+9% 19 OE :3F% + 9 P+V> O=2 " 1&% <!.!" L3 h8?&" + P"% %" <! + %m; *X" ().r?" ("a3c Oa:!.r?" S; O<! (!-:=8"% 1N» + ( $9= K?= + -?- OU"33_ & + h% O12& P"% P:

9 *4,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & 12&?- W G3M $B"+ + <! "% () 18) (3n.(Bhasin, 1996: 22-45) «-" + $9= 19 (= % ::4?2 (!-:=8"% 1N <;"T EI; $9= G"!" (:=P9 O<W ST!" 1 " 7?9 (:=" 19 1#H9 O3 P 9 :="%?9 :9 1#H9 := 9 P:% "%9 ()P+a '#; 54 :M <!.a %4 W 9 <:W SŒ + UV# 3r ()3H9B O12& 1 :" (+^ 12-% 19 93?- ("9 " 1H; f!" a 1 (!-:=8"% 1N.:== 1H; O 1H; O)aW 1H; O-?- 1H; OP 1H; :!" := M> ] & + P"% (3a'38A :=" <! 9"9 %m; 9 :3 1H;.K?= + "&" : O(L19 OUV# -= O)!3-9 <!.-" W <: :=8"% ("9 O: 3C <!!" (% ) T 93!" 19 OgQ 19 8?>" G?,9 1 ::4?2 1N G" <"":T.-" (+^.:X" <W 19 <! G?,9 + 12& <! + %& <"% 3) G" <"!"1N!" + % f 1) 1FM 1N E3# >8?&" <& O1FM 1N ]FB.9 * " G8H + L%- O+V9?3 OL=%) + 13M= + " ()+!- 1Z-"+ 19 $= 1FM K; 1 >8?&" <"7=!" P:.r?" 1N := O( ()1N!" *F" 9 1FM 1N.:=?) 1=L) + P: + P:) :;"+ % y3-v E# q%ar9 (A?B" "ap: 1N L3 + 4Z= ()@= G33M KM 19 r 1& + P" "B l34 " % E3H0 YZ-!".-" 7= P: 3M2 (3n + ( E"%>!" (3aP9 9 <" >8?&" (3 + % 19 M -" 7 (gq 19 8?>") (3=9 8?>" O]?# G" Pa: + "" 1 a #Q G" %4 ]&% +!- C? " K8>" +? 1 <%"3 O(LM =0) :"a 10I +9 G" UMC + "8?-" 9 + :8?>" E9B <& %" JV9 >8?&" 1FM 1 ::4?2 O1FM ]?# <"!"1N G3=x8).( :i 8?>" G3=x8) + +W %&+ 19 8?>" r % <+ + "" G39 (A?B" 1FM

10 *5 ]&% <V YZ- + % 7:# 9 "" 3838I +?-+ p>9 YZ- L8 9 1FM <"!"1N.(c :c O3") a 12& *X" + 1FM 1 ::4?2 ((A?B" 1FM + >8?&" 1FM) 1FM h% + G39 <: EB.:= ')" qr " G39 8?>" + gq 19 8?>" X" ("9 " (:> 1=3! O>8?&" $B"+ + %.%0 L3 >8?&" *X" >% >8?&" 1FM O3) G" N!" < <"%! U%I 19 " 1Z9" G".-" 12& ""?39 ("9 H> :" >8?&" 1FM 8?>"?-+ >8?&" *X" >8?&" s *X" 1 O '3+ <%` -= 12& < %#3 CW >8?&" *X" 19 1&% } G39." ("PR+ P7& g3% + O:" >8?&"? + E8> HI" 1QFD " #." %&+ E2? 1Z9" >% >8?&" *X" + >8?&".-" <"7 9 G? " E2 + wm " ("9 E94? 3 + 3H9B O ()w >8?&" <+2 + >8?&" ()? (=39@3 =2 (3=9 E + >8?&" + E# + E; 9.-" <Ma 19 - <W 9 P%4F9 >8?&" 'N ) 1 := E; " >8?&" + >8?&" (#8) ("9 1=3! OE94? 8?>" % 9 <L8) + % : OMH`) :W ')" O-" >8?&" 12-% + VI" ("9 % 1 1xW O-" P: <"%=> +" (A?B" + >8?&" % 1#=` O*= N 19.( g; %9 1?- t#" (A?B" + >8?&" ():=" " * B" 18).( : O*= ) %9 >8?&" *X" + 1`t# h8?&" y 19 SH !4! !" <! >8?&" 9 CD E"%> G %N= G" 1N O<! (!-:=8"% 1N O(8> 83F- 1N <%x8)) 12-% + ()1N + "r?-" (N.%``!" G" ()3_?.-" P: PQ?-"...+ 1FM 1- Durkheim 2- Toennies

11 *6,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & (,- k%q +?3=& e32m ()3_? :!" := M> P: 1?a 19 )13^ (!-1=3! 1 )!" #.:"P:?=?-"?3=38 ()1N!" ^; S340 P"%?-.-" P"% O:8 Q" :"% <! >8?&" + 1? " %&+ y P"%8) OP"% *) lž 1 -" P%9 ("1%a 19 ':B <"+.-" P E380 P"% 9 " ":M?-" >% + P%9 +" P:> 9 )(3a'38A ]Fn!" )1 F+ -" (+:; %= <"+ (,- G" 1 :=` )!" # <"%=> 19 <! 1#=" 19 1&% 9 + ":3 12& <"% " (,- #Q G" 19 1&% 9?9 P"%?- U"33_ g O:== P"% --" <" VI" " P"% O<! 32B% >8?&" + 7=) VI" + 3a *X" <! <! (!-:=8"% 1N + 1FM 1N!" ((+9%) gq 19 8?>" 3_?. :)"% <W T 1 -" (:=" (!-:=8"% O<! (!-:=8"% 1N SMT 9.-" P: 1?a % " J:) 19 93?- UŽ& :% PaW % + ()1?-"% + )!3!" <! + :% "%9 % ()1?-"% G?- H8> ("9 *!, "%!" + :== %4 ()P+a '#; 54 :M <!.:== ":3 % " (?39 gq 19 8?>" $B"+ ()3H9B O12-% :=" 9 :="%?9 :9 1#H9 O:= 9 P:% "%9 1N!" >8?&" *X" 3_?.:== %4 W 9 <:W SŒ + UV# 3r )1N G" SMT 9.-" P: 1?a 19 +?=?-" O1FM 1N!" + >8?&" *X" 1=3! ') >8?&" *X" + -" >8?&" *X"!-1=3! >8?&" 1FM.+W ')" 12& " >8?&" *) 78.-" U+Q? a:! 14Z= ];9 <! >8?&" G373.-" U+Q? E) 32^+ ];9 <! >8?&" G373.-" U+Q? K_? " 32^+ ];9 <! >8?&" G373.-" U+Q? UV3A0 <"L3 ];9 <! >8?&" G373

12 *.-" U+Q? P"% :W <"L3 ];9 <! >8?&" G373." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + G- G39." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + >8?&" *X" G39 %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + (<! (+9%) gq 19 8?>" G39."." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + (,- k%q G39." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + M 3+0 l;" G39." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" + "a =- G39." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" +?3=& e32m G39 9: ;< <"L3 1 -" G" >8?&"!" %N= ::1 =4! ()J2!" 3_? ("9 + -" P%9 :; 1` <! >8?&" :-" P: PQ?-" H0 ()"% 9 (#8) <"L3 l": <39 + 3F+" G8X" 9 (#8) <"L3 <"L3 :=8? <"839!" 8; ()G8X" <%x8) 13 () G8X" 9 (#8) <"L3 128&!8 >8&!8 %m; <"L3 )+R O8H> L" 9 (#8) '? UH& %m; <"L3 M) ()U 3) %m; <"L3 <"L3 0Q +!+ () 3F2 + U49 %m; <"L3 <WB "%+ + (=) ()3F2 %m; <"L3!%W ()lv %m; <")"% Š39 ()P7 3F2 %m; <"L3 %= % ()<% E 9" + UO) 1!+ 12FZ <"L3 (...+ :F% G& E ) ( ()G& <"L3 7=) U,%0 + M" (373 <"L3 >8?&" EŒ (373 + UVX.[H?r ()P78 + P!%!" :!9 <"L3

13 *1,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & :-" P: PQ?-"! ()J2!" *%Q ("9 ::1 >? :W + <"7 E# E; y8 ~ 12& "" 5-% BV" ()!" > $B"% <?-+ 9 l8 yl *"%B" 9 a"% :W + <?-+ 9 a"%.e#!+9 $B% <?-+ 8; E#!+9 $B% <7?9 + *"%B" 8; (+^ gq 19 8?>" <"L3 :B ) 1 -" 3_? G"!" %N= :@A ( : ("9.g#2F9 + %9 :)"%,9 W >8?&" <"L3 : 9,9 <! :-" P: PQ?-"! J2 Š=!" 3_? l;" P"% + % 19 M 3F% l;" ) *X" 34% l;" % ()N <39 *:> $8& < M0I!" "7 l;" E# E; "%.<"7 4?" + r8 l!" X= + 1? "a 3C <! >8?&" (+ (,- k%q :-4BC D3A!" 3_? ("9.%?8 W >8?&" + 3F2 1 a :-" P: PQ?-"! ()J2.r?" 3?" KL= "" + K"%" 3#F )% P!&" <+:9 KL= *:> KL= %" (3a'38A : 5-%? y ("9.% )% y ()32 + )1x9 E 7 ()'-" +.4F" 9 <! < ":I <%9 ]-= 5-% )% ^ P"% - 1Mn <" 9 <! M0I *:>...+ V )"%.<# ":r?-" 5" 9 *":r?-" %F+" <!!" :-" P: PQ?-"! ()J2!" 3_? ("9 :? =# E?6 <%9 ' ST= - U#" 9 14 a:! E0 14Z= U#" <%9 G3 E0 14Z= U#" $!% F":> > *:> a:! E0 14Z= K_? " <"L3 ""?8 ("a3c <":+ ()-"% 19 a:3- <"L3 <%9?8 a:!

14 *2 19 M ST= - <!?9 a:! ST= - "" 19 M >8?&" %" 14Z=.8 a:! E0 14Z= UV# 19?8 %a- ~8 a:! E0 14Z= <!!" UB+" )a O3 I = + 1 ("" 12& "a=- :%=+C.-" 12& C+% U" + )=-!" $B"% 9 + = ()+9 + ])" 1 -" N 1!" <+39 ()3F2 + <! 1Z9" U+Q? () "9 S340 G" :-" P: P:3X=-! ()J2 ST!"3_? G" <! < )7" UV3A0 %&+ 9 <! ("1 1Q3 + <! K_? " H> 19 P"% <% (F 1!" <+39 <! +:0 1! YZ- G?,9 + 12& <! 3F2 H> 19 <"!" <! >T" *:> 1!" <+39.<W )aw + <! 19 U#" 3Ar 12& <: EB U+Q S340 G" ::?+1 F< <#" <%x8) )!" ("9 + % -9 <! :!" <"! ()J2 E 1 % PQ?-"!%W O!+ O0Q L" 19 -?- :-" <# + 1,> <" + <! ("9 0Q +!+ L" U#" <%9 <# <%9 <# ) + )? ("9!%W ) P: *X" ()("a1- <%9 ("9 ("9 8).r?" S; <%9 <# ) + )? ("9 P7" <#" %&+ H> 19 <" + <! ("9 12& <# 5" %&+ *:> ) + )? () + )3F2 <! 19 M <"?39 34% ;+ + 8& ()U+Q a:! r G3 H> 19 P"% <" 38)" <%9?39 1!" <+39.W 5-%.-" P: P:3-1=- <%7r- G- O3_? ("9 :C.-" P: PQ?-"!9 1%a y!" 3_? ("9 :%G ()H+

15 *3,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & OX OE)? :("1=La` 1?9 1%a y!" 3_? ("9 :IJ =<8#.-" P: PQ?-" U% C" 9 8) <+:9 O VTC" 9 8) <+:9 %" En :("1=La Š= 1?9 1%a y!" 3_? ("9 :$G K9: PQ?-" "1 + E3A0 19 K_? " En O En O("".-" P: + : UV3A0 YZ- + % UV3A0 YZ- S340 G" :7LM O'Ht O8=)" O":?9" O"%-9 :("1=La Q) K"% " N % %7r-.-" P: P:3X=-,9 + g3f % Og3F O'Ht % O G3Œ + <% "L) f :("1=La Š= 1?9 1%a y!" 3_? ("9 :N4 cf O<% "L) cf f G39 O<% "L) f f G39 O<% "L) f f G39.-" P: PQ?-",9 + <% "L) *) C+O#4 12& "" 18) 12FZ <%`.-" 83 OS340 G" P: 1?a 19 +?-" <W. U%I (3a1%8 9-9 ST!" S340 O3 t#" 12&.:9 '382 (W 12& E 19 1%8 (+ 9 S340 1X3? +.r?" ("1%8!" P: W SMT 9.-" LM K- (,9 <! O@)+R G" (W % 1%8.-" Q c 9 9"9 (W 12& E LM (":?-" (L19 +2 ":2 + P:.r?" ("1H; :=` (3a1%8 P% <"% K%!" PQ?-" 9 12FZ 12& >8?&" QI %&+ M p=f <"% K%.-" Q c <W :) < " (W 12& >8?&" QI %&+ *:> M q=f + (W.-" P: 1?a N f (+ W!" *": ) Og"+ <%9 ":; 19 1&% 9 +.-" P: (+W$8& K!= &" 9 + 1=- G" U>VT"

16 4+ n = n = 2 t pq 2 1 t pq + N d 1 2 N=c 1 t=(i) (W 12& P!":" <=38T" ]^ 9 f p=f (W 12& >8?&" QI %&+ M q=f (W 12& >8?&" QI %&+ *:> M 1 + d=f (.%HZ F8?;" B) Z YZ- 2 (1 96) (0 5)(0 5) 2 (0 05) = (1 96) (0 5)(0 5) 1 2 N (0 05) - L3 + <W 29" + <! >8?&" & ^; 12FZ ("1& f [3T!" OU,"D- <%9 ("P!- H> 19 O(N UN;V l-" 9 )3_? ()[3T!" *": ) ()1%a "+ M?>".-" P: PQ?-" U#3F l;" O(,-* k%q OgQ 19 8?>" O>8?&" *X" <"L3 :3N OE4?!" (<! >8?&" ) 1?9"+ 3_? +?3=& e32m O"a=- OM " '3)Q 9 )[3T ()1%a S3MZ + <-= + :3 -" 9 U% ST.-" P: G332 O:"1?a "B PQ?-" % S340 (N E3H0 1 )1N 1 O-" 1?a *X" M+ (QFW ]^ 9 O3_? ) ()J2 "+ 19 8?>" O() >8=&" *X" O(i) <! >8?&" ("9 <W ":4 + (i) "a=- O(i) M 3+0 l;" O(f) (,- k%q O(ff).-" P%9 ()?3=& e32m

17 4,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & *) -(: 12& <!!" Q c 5-% 1 -" )1=-!" "r?-" EI; S340 ()P" "B ()1? E3H0 + 1LX l-" + P:a E38# LM (W 7?M8) ]^ OQ3I% W () 1H )P" E3H0 + 1LX.-" 1?a } s.-" 1?a U%I P3_? :=` <%3-a + g"+ E3H0 O <%-3 -" G" 739 Š?.-" P%9 K- 9"9 <%7r- G- G373 1F4 G" +,9 L3 % + G3 " % a:! E0 14Z= * <%7r-!" % 1 % OX %c + E)? %fc <%7r- E!".:"P *V>" 5-%? 14Z= L3 % O("" %" En <%7r-!" % L3 + :%9 U% C" 9 8) <+:9 % + 14HZ % + E3A0 19 K_? " % + En % O En %c % O'Ht %i O8=)" % O":?9" "%- % UV3A0 <"L3 o0f!".:%9 "1 1F4 G" 7.:=? ",9 + g3f % % + g3f %c O'Ht % :W <"L3 <%7r-!" %c 1 -" P" < Š? 1 -" P"% :W <"L3 P"% :W <"L3 <%7r-!" %c + G3 + <% "L) f " < P"%.:"P *V>",9 + <% "L) cf " < % L3FW + <%-3 7?M8) ]^ (W y3=# +!" PQ?-" 9 S340 U3^ <%!W.-" P: *X" 1Ty g"+ YZ- E4? ()3_? ("9 " <%-3 7?M8) ]^ () P8 K+:& :) < K+:& ()PW.:) < <! >8?&" + 9 M 3+0 l;" + gq 19 8?>" O>8?&" *X" OG- G39 1 "=2 O%f YZ- EB":; )13^ G"." %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! >8?&" 1 -" 9"9 >8?&" *X" G373 S340 G".:"P: :3 + P%9 G"!" P:W - 19 U"8 $8&.-" 1%a G" 9 P9! P:=): 1- Pearson Correlation 2- Analysis of Variance(ANOVA)

18 4* G373!" P:W - 19 G373.:) <,9 :; " >8?&" *X" <"L3 1%a G" 1` ).-",9 O-" 5-%? P:=): 1 (c) N?" %.-)1%a 9 <%7r- 739 O: 9 c :>!"?39 E G373 P9 ' P:=): 1 -" 9"9 M 3+0 l;" G373 " M 3+0 l;" <"L3 O)1%a!" P:W - 19 U"8 $8&.-" 1%a P:=)< 1 () N?" % G373!" G373 G".:) < G3 :; M 3+0 l;" <"L3 <%9 G " G3 O-" 5-%? :;.-" <! G39 $G :1 =4 # I):? -9: $3C, T:? U8 (R) K#1 =W1 # 7 T:? [32^ :; + '34? 5-%? :; + '34? 5-%? :; + '34? 1Z9" %&+ *:> [32^ :; + l%#2 1Z9" %&+ *:> [32^ :; + l%#2 VHC -4+< c* ** ** ** ** U8 T:? c c f ~i i ~c 4< c fi c ff fcc c ic T i c c T:? G- >8?&" *X" gq 19 8?>" (,- k%q M 3+0 l;" "a=-?3=& e32m <! >8?&" ("1M YZ- W E4? ()3_? 1 )13^ <%!W &.-" P: PQ?-" ) G ("9 F <%!W!" O:" "B 14Z= ]; 9 " <! >8?&" G373 U+Q O<%!W () P8 K+:& 1 %7r- 1 :) < )1? Š?.:) < 1%8 "" a:! E0 G3=x8).:=? " " >8?&" <"L3 G?39 : a:! 5-%? 14Z=.-" P: :3 L3 )G373 U+Q ("=2 O1Ty g"+ L3FW <%!W l-" 9 9 )( G3 G373 OLSD M342 <%!W l-" 9 S3B UM> 19

19 44,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & o0f!" : a:! 5-%? 14Z= 1 9 )(,9 + )(,9.-" P%9 "=2 (W (3 %G ()H+ U?6 :1 =4 I (X) K#1 VHC -4+< f T 7#A lsd $3GN < VHC F4) T fc ffc fi %G ()H+ G3 :() : 5-%? :() :,9 :() : 32^+ ]; 9 " <! >8?&" G373 U+Q O<%!W () P8 K+:& G39 >8?&" G373 1 :) < )1? Š? :) < E) g"+ L3FW <%!W l-" 9 G3=x8).-"?39 :"P U% <"8) 1! l-" 9 S3B UM> 19.-" P: :3 L3 )G373 U+Q ("=2 O1Ty L3 + P: U% <"8) 1! 9 E)? <! G373 OLSD M342 <%!W.-" P%9 "=2 (W o0f!" OP: U% <"8) 1! 9 X <! (3 IJ =<8# U?6 :1 =4 I (Y) K#1 VHC -4+< f c T 7#A LSD $3GN 4 + c + c -4+< VHC c F 4) T f f fcf i IJ =<8# E)? :() : X :() : 14HZ :() : U% C" 9 8)<+:9 :(c) : 32^+ ]; 9 " <! >8?&" G373 U+Q O<%!W (c) P8 K+:& G39 >8?&" G373 1 :) < )1? Š?.:) < K_? " O1Ty g"+ L3FW <%!W l-" 9 G3=x8).-"?39 :" "!W E_ 1! G373 OLSD M342 <%!W l-" 9.-" P: :3 L3 )G373 U+Q ("=2!" "1 <! + E3A0 19 En <! 9 En >8?&"

20 45 + E3A0 19 En <! 9 :" "!W E_ 1! L3 + -" P%9 "=2 (W o0f.-" P%9 "=2 (W o0f!" "1 <! K9: =<8# U?6 :1 =4 I (Z) K#1 VHC -4+< i c T 7#A LSD $3GN f + c + f + c + f VHC -4+< F4) c T fi f f f ff IJ =<8# En :() : En :() : En :() : E3A0 19 K_? " :(c) : "1 :(f) : <"L3 ]; 9 " <! >8?&" G373 U+Q <%!W (f) P8 K+:& >8?&" G373 1 :) < )1? Š? :) < P"% :W G3=x8).-"?39 -",9 + <% "L) cf < P"% :W <"L3 1! G39.-" P: :3 L3 )G373 U+Q ("=2 O1Ty g"+ L3FW <%!W l-" 9 :W <"L3 1! >8?&" G373 OLSD M342 <%!W l-" 9 U+Q? < P"% :W <"L3 1 <! ",9 + <% "L) cf < P"%.-" P%9 "=2 (W o0f!" O-" 3\ N4 $ U?6 :1 =4 I ([) K#1 VHC -4+< T 7#A LSD $3GN + f + f + f c + f VHC -4+< F4) i T cf f f fif f IJ =<8# G3 + <% "L) f:() : <% "L) f fg39 :() : <% "L)f <% "L) cf f G39 :() : f G39 :(c) :,9 + <% "L) cf : (f) :

21 46,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & <"L3 ]; 9 " <! >8?&" G373 U+Q O<%!W (i) P8 K+:& 1 :) < )1? Š?.:) < <%7r- + : + % UV3A0 < + : + % UV3A0 <"L3 1! G39 >8?&" G373 O1Ty g"+ L3FW <%!W l-" 9 G3=x8).-"?39 -",9 + g3f.-" P: :3 L3 )G373 U+Q ("=2 (3 IM =<8# U?6 :1 =4 I (]) K#1 VHC -4+< c T 7#A LSD $3GN + + c + f + i + c + f c + i c + VHC -4+< F4) f T f ii c c ffi f f 7LM =<8# "%-9 (): ":?9" () : 8=)" (): 'Ht (c) : 'Ht % (f) : g3f (i) :,9 + g3f % () : 9:+! $3C%4 s G".-" P: PQ?-" *a 19 *a P%3 19 P3_?:=` <%3-a W!" ^; 1F4 "+ 1?9"+ 3_? g"+ M G332 38)" <"L3 ]3 19 [H?r ()3_? + =39@3 ("9 " 1F2 P: B9 E4? ()3_? () P8 K+:&.:% 1F2.:) < <! >8?&" 3_? + :: 1F2 "+ *a 19 *a P%3 19 ("1Z-"+ E4? + ("1=3! E4? ()3_? 9?3=& e32m 3_? OK+" 1H; (Beta =c) ":4 9 >8?&" *X" 3_? 1H; (Beta=f) ":4 9 gq 19 8?>" + O*+ 1H; (Beta=~ff) ":4 1F2 "+ O:"1? " 1?9"+ 3_? g"+ M G332 1?38)" <"L3 ]3 19 *%- 1- Stepwise

22 4 G33M " 1?9"+ 3_? g"+!" % i :=?"% 3_? G" h%8x + :: %3-a.(R 2 =i) :=8 $G :1 =4 9: +_, - (`< 4 I):? -9: (^) K#1 sig T f ~fif c Beta c ~ff f Std.EB c B ~f iic 9: >8?&" *X"?3=& e32m gq 19 8?>" -%(>: # 5 19 E <+2 g; %&+ *:> + O(+# O +Q 9!" >8?&" E3H4 " )(9"9 := (3a%H& 12& (m>" <3 Ar + +:0 $9= G3 >8?&".:= %4 " HI" U:;+ + 7?M8) (+3 1X3? + :) + <! 1` 12& "" 8 %m;.-" >8?&" ()1#M 7?M8) %4 E> G39 59"+ S382 ]&% U: :=H9 >8?&" ()(3a'38A + )3F2 1` 1X3? + a E) + Y + :I 12- O77 O12& (m>" YZ- 739 %-!".:X" y3 "% + : () 12-% 19 >8?&" h%= + (3a" Oa?a 1 "` :W.; 19 12& 7?12-%.-" y3 "% >8?&" K?= + UN O(3a'38A ()%7F" 59 +a $"%&!" r HQn EA; O28& U3; 7?3: + $"%& a: ]4> G" + -" <":9 93?- 1? <" P#3 183 <"%=> " <! %4; + S;.-" P: (9 U3; T )<" 8 1&%? <W <! + <! %4;!" HQn!" " <:8 : 1 -" P: + %4;!" 9!" 83 ("! : + >8?&" F":> 19 J%Z2 F2 + B 3 + <"% *8 > [H?r ()1Z3; <! %4; O T a" 1=W ).:89!9.%HZ 12-% 3Q3 %M9 ("9 (?8 1=L) + (?39 (=n + : (9 <:8 :

23 41,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & ()3_? G39 S340 ()1? l-" 9.: + (9 a:! 9?3=& e32m + M 3+0 l;" OgQ 19 8?>" O>8?&" *X" 3_? 1 :) < P3_?:=` <%3-a Š?." %&+ ("=2 wm " >8?&" e32m O(Beta =c) ":4 9 >8?&" *X" 3_? 3C 0 "834? 1?9"+ ]3 19 (Beta=f) ":4 9 gq 19 8?>" + O(Beta=~ff) ":4 9?3=& + :: %3-a 1F2 "+ O:"1? " 1?9"+ 3_? g"+ G33M 1?38)" <"L3.( R 2 =i) :=8 G33M " 1?9"+ 3_? g"+!" % i :=?"% 3_? G" h%8x 1 " :3 (!-:=8"% Pa: 1 Qa <"% 1N p;m 9 % Š? % PaW% + ()1?-"% + )!3!" <! <W T 1 -" (:=" (!-:=8"% ("9 *!, "%!" + :== %4 % " J:) 19 93?- UŽ& :% 1FM 1N ]FB.:% "%9 % ()1?-"% G?- H8> ("9 12& 1Z-"%9 $= 1FM K; 1 -" >8?&" <"7=!" P: E3# >8?&" <& ::4?2 1FM ]?# <"!"1N.:=?) 1=L) + P: + 13M= + " ()+!- 19 8?>" Or % <+ + "" G39 O(A?B" 1FM JV9 >8?&" 1FM 1 7:# 9 "" 3838I +?-+ p>9 YZ- 8?>" G3=x8) + +W %&+ O?3=38 Pa:!".a 12& *X" + ]&% <V YZ- + % + :L3 19 % %4;!" h ("9 O12& PaW + V "7= *4 <! G"!".:=) <- 7 9%`` " K%0 ()@4 + P: E380 >8?&" 59"+ ("9 12& (m>" «12& ("9» ("19 L& (L3` OPa: O12&!" ( ) OF#" '3=38 <"!"1N P:34> 19.:% Š39 <W M3 + :+W 1ZH- 0 " 7 ()<" O)<"!" 9 <W 9 1 -" N." 3r <"% " 34" + 5H!" ("1?-%3 ()%7F" O12&?- G (3=9.-" (,-: *N <8) 1 " SH2 3=& 19 (78?-?- G (3=9 13% g3".:= :3 " G33 U4340 ()1? OT!" S340 G" Š? :3 >8?&" M

24 42 7=) E"%> 7=3H+ + 1x+.:= :3 " <W G" ()1? 1 :=? " 1 :=" <! $ G P:8> " (,-* k%q + "a=- <%` %2 OGF+" Op.K".( U4340 Š?.:= 8 :3 " G" ()1? + gq 19 8?>" + UV3A0 OE_ O:W OG- G39 1 :) < G + + (C% % " W G" ()1? Š? 1 " %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! G39 1 :) < P"!F H2F":M> + +9 [-% U4340 Š?.:) "B :3 + UV3A0 <"L3 L3 + %#- E0 + K_? " 32^+ + E) 32^+.:= :3 " W L3 S340 G" Š? 1 " %&+ ("=2 1Z9" <! (L19 W % <"% 1 :=) 1Œ"" " H8> ()#)" Ek ()=3 : <! 37Ma 1 )1F%4!" # O:a :3 G" 1#=x8) 1 (%T 19.-" >8?&" ()3F% E94 gq 19 8?>" + (+9 % *:> -"!" O12-% ()*)"!" # <"%=> 19 <! 1 -" P:a ]M- (+9% *:> q%ar9 O12& 1 a 13I% l-" G" 9.:= >8?&" ()1=0I 1? " <=38T" % ()"% + )":2?-" 19?39 <! :=8 kr " M3 h8?&" ()1=0I :="%?9 O:=9 - gq 19 8?>" + (+9% 19 + := 9 ()P!%; <! 9 OK <"%=> 19.:% 12& " <! <#"?: )(9"9 3M & O% 1Œ"" <" + <"? 19 1 (12& ()%7F" %T<8)." 1?3=& e32m?- (8? <+B 1 -" )?F":>9 + >8?&" O?3=& 9 :) < ()1? 1 e32m <9 G39!" %N= 19 " M-= (!-?9?9 12& <! 3F2 UM&% ST G:9 O379 N <! $Q 19 M +?3=&.!- ')" " 12& P#3!" 83 <"%=> 19 <!?39 1` )

25 43,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & 14Z= ]; 9 <! >8?&" G373 ()1? l-"9 [H?r ST= U#" <%9 U+Q? E3F 19?39 U+Q G" 1 -" U+Q? a:! U#"!" 9 + (? ) O7=) U#"!" ST= 9 1 "` O-" 9 ()1? l-" 9 G3=x8).:"%9 (?8 ()@4 P+:0!" <! <! >8?&" OM 3+0 G".:=?) 7=) + <)"% + :"P: 12& % 19 -" P: ')" 9% 19 %m; G"!3 % ()-! + U#" 1 -" F;!" (#!+ ("1; + %8> ()1I> <! %m;?a 19 + :+ OK <"%=> 0Q +!+ O7=) L" X" 19!3 O7 (%-!" > UN;V + %- y 9 L3 + U#" 1,> $!% 9 1#=" -" " <! IA?" 1F G" + <! >8?&" O<! M 3+0 <,% 1&% :=!3 <! <3 G" h%^% <%` 1 -" k < O)+R 1=3! 19 *?0 <"7)+R - 1 % =3 "F O:.r?" LM K- h%^% O<! P?a 29" = +.%HZ Š? 19 93?- %N=.r?" P?a =- ()P+a + (W 1%8 + 12& + $3-+ 29" + )! ".:==

26 5+ Oc+ P8 O328& 1=HA O<"" -3-1xr O().f P8 O% l 1!+ O<! >8?&" UV# O() 0+ :80 O%1?-"W.*` EA P)! O3? W : " -= 1= O<W 9 CD E"%> + >8?&" 8?>" O(c) (: O3".<" O?9 :3 P7" O" *%H> + U39" P:#" O-= 12& 9!"3 P7" <%X" >8?&" ~(A?B" 32^+ 3C -9 O(c) [-% O+9 P7" O-= 12& : " -= 1= O<! M <W 7.!"3 O*V- U"?" O!+QF 4 :80 18& O: ()=- + -"% O() U9+ O*=.<" O<" P7" ` Oy3%W 12& 5" >8?&" O() lm2vn OH-%.K+" ` O<" LL> :80 + (,% :80 18& O-= 12& ()9 + '3)Q O() < & O.(P)=38 *" + +!%W 1-D O'B O(3?r9 O<". P8 O<" P7" O>8?&" *%H> 1 O>8?&" + O() OCVC G0 18&.K+" ` O% T U"?" O<" O<"%& + <! O() %2 OMH` :80:3- O8 OI2 <"+ -= 12& ()1N O() %& OL?.8H> U"?" 3F2 <" <":+ >8?&" <"L3?= 12& -9 O(i) :32- OG + U *%H> P7" O<" O P"" 9 <W 3C + (". P8.PZB U"?" O<" O<"" <! ()@F` + 12-% O() OK- 1HX O<! >8?&" O() 1F"u O]HT( 1F"u O]HT(

27 5,-&. & 0 *+! " #$% & &'( )" & 1= O<! >8?&" 9 CD E"%> -9 O() :80 O(3." + >8?&" *%H> P:#" OLM O-= *%H> <%X" 7=) >8?&" G33M O(c) :9> O<4) + ^Vn O(Qn. P8 O' P+ O<"" -= 12& 1HX O<" # L P+ 1=HA O12-% ("9 <! (!-:=8"% O() %80 O9?. f~ 10QI L3 O P8 O K- O Š+ 9 <W wm " + <3?-+ ()1=3! -9 O(i) ^3H> O(LM =0.<" Oa:!- & U"!+ + Š+ +2 O(!+ O= < 1=HA O< <":+ 32^+ G33M O(f) G0 O(!3.*+ P8 - Barkan, Steven, E. (1999), Race, ISSue Engagement, and Social Participation, Race & Society 1: Bhasin J.K. (1996), The Goal Is Employment of Human Values: Challenges for Women Development and Education in South Asia, Adult Education and Development, PP Midgley, James, Anthony Hall, Margaret Hardiman, and Dhanpaul Narine, (1989), Community Participation, Social Development, and the State, London, UK: Methuen. - Momsen, J.H. (1991), Woment and Development in the Third World, Londan: Routledge, Coorporation, Basie Books. - Olsen, Marvin E. (1991), Societal Dynamic: Exploring Acrosociology, New Jersey: Prentichall. - Ugbomeh George M.M. (2001), Empowering Women in Agricultural Education for Sustainable Rural Development, Community Development Journal 36 (4):