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2 (~100 C)

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16 $) )*$)%.6$%,% '% %1%,$ / $/0), + $)%.#$,# $ )-), + /"%')-)%)2$% 0% $/ '$)! )-# )/-*$%6. %( )* "$/ 1%1%", - 0#0& -3 $! + $)%.6$%. % $/ - 0#0 $)*& + /"%')-)%,$% '3) + $, $, 6 '-), " *$3 (+% - )"$, ( -)")"$ % *#'(). $ "#$ %! 2 "$/!"/ $/& -!%4/& ' $/ "*0)/$% )*", - )"$,$% $*$3+ ), 0% - )"16"% '02$ / $)+ "$/ *0 ",. & "*0)/$% )*", + /"%')-)%,$% '*3) / )-), %"+2$% ' "*$% /$,/. 5#$ %! 2 "*#& + #'$,<)$% ' *1$)1%*$! + 6'$. ) '02$ ) -)")"$3 $# + $) )*$)%.#$,# -)* -!0)$%,% 5"$ #' !# -3 $) 74% $# + $)%.#$,# -3 *'$)%1(& + $3% *6)$% -0)"',#&,!)$& ($"% $) *'$)%1(& + $3% ( -3 $ *%! "*"*",&, -)* + /"%')-)%)2$% "', ' $) '02$ ) 2 )& 2#"/&. - %""3$ -3 $ + $)%.6$% -)* $6$%, (-,-)* 65%) *6)$% " ( + $)%.6$%. ) *'$)%1(& + $3% -)$, $) '02$ )-)")"$3, -3 $) "2)) $# $2-# + $%)2, -)* )1/0)2$% "$/ 2#"/. [43] + /"%')-)%/'( + $)%.6$%,% -,"/& 0#"$! ' $/ ))'", OCC (Old Corrugated Containers). ) 1993 "$%&... $ + /"%')-)%/'( + $)%.6$% -)$)2" 26,3. $3)*& $) 12,7%... $# 1/')$%6 "$ 6 -) %''!$# % $) 7,2%.). /,1% + )%! / U.S. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency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tn + $%)2. -3 *$3 $) 10-12%,% + $3% 1/1 -,-)* tn. %)0 1%+# %"'3& + $%)2 + $)%)2 1 0,$%.,$% '3) 1%)0 0% -)'! *"/ $# 5(# *6 / )-), -)(& ) (&,% 12")/ 0%$, "$%& 5(& 2& *-! +)* " '0! -)")"$! '$%), "*1$ &, <)$(%-, $%,& "*"*",&, -),''$ )"))',#, -. $) -!$/ - 1,1$% ',5/ + $%)2-+ $)%)2.

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18 17.1# 3: LCA (Life Cycle Analysis) +, ),#+$(&4. +/(4 [32] 2"%' $ %3 3 3"$ $, 2 2) )$3& $, 1.. *)0 -)- )73$ 3 ( %& -)'-(& 1$)1%*$(& -)'-(& -),''$ 1. : $, -)* -!0$% -)%"$%! -3,& 52)* 2. : $, -)* -!0$% -3,& $6')* + $%)2.. : *'$)%1(& + $3%

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20 19 Keith V. Kruse (1995) ' ( * -)* - 0'$)-),/" " %)-!&, )% )-),& -!+/ ' $/ *0 '()1), ' -)")"$3 80%,& 52)* % 20%,& *'$)%1)2& + $)%)2 (+ /"%')-)%/'()* + $)%.#$,)*) -(1%5 3$% - )*",< "*0,"%' -)$("'$ ' $%& %)-!& %,& 52)*. %) "*0 %'(, )% -!& -)* -!+/,+ $/,1% -*3$/$, '% ',#"/ "$/ $)+ " "$$%!'4/, 6 $3") / $! -!+)& 1%30#"/ $)*& 3") % / - )" 3/"/ )2 " '.!-$%"/ " 3 0% 24h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und F. John % Vick B. Charles (1999) "!)0/ ( *, "20 % $%& '/+%(& %1%3$/$& %)-6 '0!/& -*3$/$& -3,& *#'()* *'$)%1)2& + $)%)2 (+ /"%')-)%/'()* + $)%.#$,)*) ' %)-!& '0!/& -*3$/$& -3,& 52)* % $(/5 "$) "*'-( "' 3$% )% %)-!& -3 OCC '!%" 1*) (2) ) (& '02$ / $)+ "!'4/ % " 0! "%) *"'3.[29] % Hunt F. John % Supan Karen (2005) '($/" $%& %1%3$/$& -6 -)* -!+/ -3 *#'() *'$)%1(& + $3% +#,& - )"/ "*0)/$%& )*",& % $%& "20 % ' %)-!& -3 *-),''$ 52)* -2/&. -)$("'$ (1%5 3$% )%,& -3 + /"%')-)%/'( + $)%.6$% -!0)* -!& ' '02$ / -*3$/$ -3 3$% )%,& -3,& 52)*. [30]!)0/ "+$% '($/ 2 "/& - 6$# *6 )% )-),& $%$"$")* $) 52) "$/ - 0#0 ') %)-6 % %)-6, )% Borysiuk, Pawlicki, Nicewicz (2006) + /"%')-),/" -%3+ $) (+ $,, + $3% % + $)%.6$% $ ),'#) % 52) " 1%!) & )0,&.! -,-$#"/ $) -%3+ $) - ') $'+%1,#,1%# ' $# 5*)$'+%1,# % %6 3-#& *$6 $)* 52)* 0% $/ - 0#0 ') %)-6 % %)-6 $,"$)%+. -)$("'$ (1%5 3$% $%$!"$"/ $)* 52)* " -)")"$3 '(+ % 30% )1/0, " - )73$ $) )-), %)-)%)2 $%& -%$"%& $# * #-76 - )1%0 6. [25]!0/ *5/, /!'%5/ $# + /"%')-)%/'(# + $%6 "$/ - 0#0 + $%)2!% -,$/$/ $/ 2 "/ (# $ 3-# 0%.$%#, / -)%3$/$ $)* -)$)2 $)*&.

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23 % $/ 1%50#0 $/& ( *& + /"%')-)%/ + $)%.6$% -)* *)) )2 "$) '-3 %). $! -3 ( * "$/ 0)! (0% / -%)0 $""! # (4)$/0) %6 + $)%.#$,#: $)%.#$,)* 3"$ #')* $)%.#$,)* 5"$ #')* $) )*$)%.#$,)* $)%.#$,)* %"0#0& () "*0 %'(/ -%)0 (0% 1%3$% )% 1*) - 6$& $/0),&,% *$(& -)* $0)* " -),''$, -%) "*+! % " '02$ & -)"3$/$&.,% $),1)& $# + $)%.#$,# -)* + /"%')-)%)2$% *,#& 0% "*"*",, (+)* '0!) 30) '$! $/ + "/ $)*& %.,")$% *,#& " Super markets, $"$'$ -%+%1%6, $"$'$ )%%6 "*"*6..,$/ $/0), )! + $)%.6$% $ %6 -($ "$ 6"# $ )-), + /"%')-)%)2$% 0% $/ '$)! $# )2$#. $)-,<)$% " '0!& -)"3$/$& " super markets, '!.%, 7(& 0) (&. + $) )*$)%.6$% 1%( )* -3 $ + $)%.6$% $# 1*) - 6$# $/0) %6 " 3$% )! $/ 1%1%", - 0#0& $)*&. # / 3$% -)$)2 + $)%.6$% '02$ /& '/+%& $)+&! % '02$ /& $%3$/$& "$/ *0 ",, 11)'()* 3$% + /"%')-)%)2$% 0% $/ "*"*", % '$)!)-# )/-*$%6. $*$, -%)0 )! + $)%.6$% '%& "$ 6"/& $ )-), -!0)$% "$%& % ( +)$% "$/!1 '$( )$& 2 *"$ % '0!)* 30)* %.! )*& *%!. "*0 %'(/ -%)0 (0% - )%'()* 0,% "20 %"/ $# %1%)$$# (+/'%(& % '/+%(&) *$6 $# + $)%.#$,# ' *$(& $# *-)),-# $/0) %6. "*)0 $# + $)%.#$,# (0% -3 3)*& *$)2& $)*& +6 )*& $/& 0)!& -)* - )( /! % -3 $%,& "*)0& + $%)2 0% 2#"/. % $%,& *$(& "*(0)* + $%! % + $)%.6$% -3 $/ 0)! % $ - )#)2 "$%& $%,& 2#"/& % - 0#0& + $%)2. 1%0'$)/4, (0% ' $($)%) $ 3-) 6"$ *-! +)* $%- )"#-*$%! 1,0'$ -3 3& $%& $/0),& + $)%.#$,#.

24 23 % 3 1: % 3 2: 3"$ #' $) )*$) %.6$% % 5"$ #' + $) %.6$%

25 )%'()* 0,)* +/'%(& 2"%& "$) + $, $# + $)%.#$,# -)* + /"%')-)%/, '3"$/ "*0 %'(& - )1%0 (& )% )-),& -%$)2" $'+,1% "*0 %'(# 1%"$!"#. % $/ 1/'%)* 0, $# $'+%1,# ))*/ / -!$# 1%1%",. + $)%.6$% 1%2/ ($"% 6"$ - )24% $)!-$*0'! $)*&. $/ "*(+% $'+,"$/ " $%%)-,) " 1%"$!"%& 2)* + $%)2 4 % $3-% '.-$,"$/ " 3 " ') ", 1#'$,)* 0%,0 -$! 3-5 -,-)* ($"% 6"$ 0,% ) 1%+# %"'3& $# -%'( )*& 2#. % $ + $) )*$)%.6$% + %!"$/ 1%-!"%)& -,-)* + 3)& -%3$$ 0%$, $ -%) %"+* / "*0)/$% )*", -)* + /"%')-)%/ " *$!. $/ "*(+% $ 2 *$! $)-)$/ " 5/ $ %) '(+ % *0 ",& -,-)* 8%. $! $/ 5 " $)*& $'+,"$/ " $"$ )( 00!# " $'+,1% 1%"$!"# 325 mm (cross cut). ()& '$$!-/ ' $/.)% 3& "-"$ $2-)* Willey % $/ + "/ 3& 3"%)* '0()*& 20 mesh (841') " "3/ "$/ )-), (0% - *''$%"'3& "$),1%) "-"$, *$ $/ )! 3'#& ' $/ + "/ 3"%)* 40 mesh (420'). "-"$ & *$3&,% %1%,$ *,"/$)& )-3$ ) *''$%"'3& (0% ' '0!/ - )")+ 6"$ '/ (+)*' *- ( '"/ $/& "*"*& 5%$,& $ %.6,! % ),#"/ $# %1%)$$# $/& "3/& % -6%& "*"$$%6 $)* + $%)2 30#!-$*5/& *4/& ') ",&. %3 3: %+# %"'( 2 + $)%.#$,#

26 25 # 6$& 3$% *-! +)* 1%) (& "$/ +/'% "2"$"/ $# 1%3 # "$ 6"# (0% / -%)0 $# $/0) %6 "$%& )-),& 0%3$ )% +/'%(& 2"%&. -,"/& 0#,<)$& 3$% / 1%1%", - 0#0& $# + $)%.#$,# $ %6 (3) % -($ (5) "$ 6"#,%,1% - )(*4 )% -!$# $/0),&: ;2 5#$ %6 "$ 6"# 3-"$ #')* % 5-"$ #')* ;2 "#$ %6 "$ 6"# 3-"$ #')* % 5-"$ #')* ;2 3# $# "$ 6"# 3-"$ #')* % 5-"$ #')* ;2 + $) )*$)%.#$,# ;2 + $)%.#$,# %"0#0& % $%& +/'%(& 2"%& -!+/ 59 gr + $3")/& -3! *%3. + $3")/ *$ + /"%')-)%/ " 3& $%& +/'%(& 2"%&. -%)0 $)* 1,0'$)& (0% ' %1%,$ / )$,1 6"$,% $%- )"#-*$%3 $)* "*)%)2 *%)2 -)* - 3%$) 0+,. *0 %'( / -)"3$/$ -)* + /"%')-)%/ 0%! *%3 % 0%! +/'%!*"/ - %0!$% "$)-!$#, 6.,& 6: )"3$/$ % 1%"$!"%& + $3")/& 0% $) - )"1%) %"'3 $# +/'%6 %1%)$$# / & &(+*$( &$%#+ '+"+ (g) )"1%) %"'3& $( & ( 413 om-85) +<425 'm )* -3 +*,"'$ (ASTM D , reaproved 2001) 180'm<x<250'm 10 )"1%) %"'3& %0,/& (ASTM D , reaproved 2001) x<425'm 7 %*$3$/$ $)* 2)* "',0' %3/& ))*),)* (ASTM D , reaproved 2001) 250'm<x<425'm 10 %*$3$/$ $)* 2)* " %+# )'!%) (ASTM D , reaproved 2001) 250'm<x<425'm 10 %*$3$/$ $)* 2)* " '3 3 (~100 ) C) (ASTM D , reaproved 2001) 250'm<x<425'm 10 7 )"1%) %"'3& )52$/$& (ph) 6 4/ (g) 59

27 $ : $%1 "$ % -)* + /"%')-)%/ "$%& +/'%(& 1%1%",& %*% )3/ (95 %),0' %*%& )3/& $))*),)*.!'%5/ 1.0 l %*%& )3/& % 427 ml $))*),)*. $! $/ + "/ $)* -! / 3 $ 1%*3' '($ ",& 0% $/ -)*0 %"-)& $# $'6 % -& ' $) 1( '. %73 )52 (72 %). % $/ - "* $)*,+)$% - )"$%! 665ml H 2 SO 4 (%1%3.! )& 1,84) " 300ml 3 '.,%!1*"/ % '$! $/ 425/ - )"$,$% $3") 3 6"$ $) $%3 1%!*' 0,% 1@. (0+)& 0,$% ' "$!$ $ 1%!*' NaOH % + /"%')-)%,$% #& 1,$/& $) -) $)3+ )* '2%). $! $/ 2'%"/ $)* H 2 SO 4 " '% "*0($ #"/ 72±0,1% 3"),% 0,) - )"$,$% )% $!/& -)"3$/$& )2 H 2 SO 4. %+# )'!%) (98 %) (CH 2 Cl). ) 1%+# )'!%) -)1,+$/ %03$ ) -%,1*) -3 $) %( -)* + /"%')-)%)2$ -%3$, 0% *$3 % $) $%$("$/". 3 *$! $) 1%+# )'!%) 1,%,1*) ($"% $! $/ + "/ $)* -! / $ -,$/$ '($ - )"$",&. -)+# %61&!$ %) (NaClO 2 ) 03') ) )5%3 )52 (glacial acetic acid). % "*"*(& -)* + /"%')-)%/ 0% $/ -,$*5/ $# +/'%6 2"# $ : #*$ % ' '/$%! - )" ')"'( 2''$ +# /$%3$/$& 30ml, -3 -) "!/. $ %3&,.)& ' -* 3'$ ) 0% $/ 2'%"/ $/& ') ",&. *$%3& <*03&. * %$ %) ' 0+3'/ ') ",. *"* +*,"#& $2-)* Soxhlet / )-), -)$,$% -3 '% %!/ +*,"#& +# /$%3$/$& 250ml, ( +*%"$ ("# +*,"#&) "#$ %& 1%'($ )* 45/50mm $)* )-),)* / +# /$%3$/$ '(+ % $/ ) * $)* "%#,)*,% -,-)* 100ml % "%6%) 24)*& -,-)* 55mm, ( 42$/ $2-)* Hopkins, /')2& +*,"#& -3 2) ' '0!), '($ %) '% 3 -) 61& % /')2& 1%/"#& -3 2) ' '0!), '($ %) '% 3 -) 61&. (%. 4) *"* +*,"#&. % "% % %!/ 250ml )1%"'(/ ' 42$/ "*'-*6"#&. $ % "*"* ' ')'12 % *'%"$ $/& ') ",&. ;%!/ 1@. ;%!/ 1%/"/&, ' "*"* 1%/"/& $2-)* Büchner. %! 0*!% 1)+, 2 *0 ",& ;%!/ <*0,"#&.!%) 5/ $ %) $) )-),) - %(+% +#!"."$).

28 27 %3 4: *"* +*,"#& $2-)* Soxhlet

29 ')1))0, -)* ))*/ 0% $) - )"1%) %"'3 $# +/'%6 "*"$$%6 $)* + $%)2 (0% "2'# ' $%& ' %%(& - )1%0 (& ASTM. % $/ -0 52)* -3 +*,"'$ '3"$/ / ASTM- D , (reapproved 2001), 0% $) - )"1%) %"'3 $/& %0,/& $)* 52)* / ASTM-D , (reapproved 2001), 0% $/ 1%*$3$/$ $)* 52)* " '3 3 (~100 ) C) / ASTM-D , (reapproved 2001), 0% $/ 1%*$3$/$ $)* 52)* " ',0' )3/&-$))*),)* / ASTM-D , (reapproved 2001), 0% $/ 1%*$3$/$ $)* 52)* " 1%+# )'!%) / ASTM-D , (reapproved 2001). - )"1%) %"'3& $/& $( & $)* + $%)2 (0% "2'# ' $/ - )1%0 TAPPI T413 om 85 % ) - )"1%) %"'3& $/& $( & $)* 52)* "2'# ' $/ ASTM-D , (reapproved 2001). - )"1%) %"'3& $/& *$$,/& (0% "2'# ' ')1))0, $# Yayme (1942), Wise et.al (1946), Fengel/Wegener (1976) % Seifert (1960) %! (0% ) - )"1%) %"'3& $/& *0 ",& $# $/0) %6 $)* + $%)2 -)* -%(+$/ 6& % $)* 52)*.%)'/+,& -)* + /"%')-)%/ 0% $/ - 0#0 $# -6, / )-),,% -,$/$/ 0% $)*& *-))0%"')2&. - )"1%) %"'3& *$3& (0% ' $/ -!$# 1%1%",:! )& 1,0'$)& 2 g. -3! *%3 $)-)$/ " *!%) 1)+,) 2 ) *0 ",& % '- " -* %$ %) 0% 2 6 & "$)*& 103 ± 2 C. $3-% $ 1)+, '$( / ' -6' " 5/ $ %) 0% 4*+)2 % <*0,"$/ " <*03 %.,& +#,& $) -6'. $/ "*(+% $)-)$/ 5! "$) -* %$ %) % -<*0,"$/ '$! ,1% 1%1%", "*+,"$/ '(+ % "$ )-),/"/& $)*.! )*&.

30 (ASTM-D , reapproved 2001 & TAPPI T413 om 85 ) [17, 40] ) - %+3') " $( -)$, ( '($ ) $# 3 0# "*"$$%6 $)* 52)* *,#&!$# K, Ca, Mg.!<$% #& $) -, $/& (%) -)")"$3 $)* - '()$)& *-)),-)* '$! $/ 5/ )5,1#"/ ()5,1#"/ ' 2"/ "$)*& C) $)* 52)*. 1%1%", - )"1%) %"')2 $/& $( & $)* 52)* -)* ))*/ - %0!$% "$/ "*(+% : : +#*$ %) (% $)!*''! $)*) '!/ "$)*& 600 C, 42+$% "$) 5/ $ %) % <*0,<$% ' - )"(00%"/ 0,1mg.,0' 2 g. )%)-)%/'()* 52)* 1%"$!"# < 425'm $)-)$/ "$) +#*$ %) - )"1%),"$/ $).! )& $)*& % $)-)$/ "$) -* %$ %) 0% 5 "/ "$)*& C ' )%+$3 $)!*''. $! $) $)-)$/ $)!*'' "$) +#*$ %) 42+/ "$) 5/ $ %) % <*0,"$/ (+#,& $)!*''). 5 "/ % / <20%"/ -/ '(+ % "$ )2.! )*& -)* 1 '$.!$% - %""3$ ) -3 0,1mg. )!*'' $)-)$/ "$) +#*$ %) 0% -)*+, -) 3/"/ *0 ",&. $/ "*(+% $) +#*$ %) ' $) - %+3') $)* +#,& $)!*'' $)-)$/ "$) /$ %3,.) (%3 5) % (+/ '(+ % "+/'$%"')2 $/&!+%"$/& -)"3$/$&!. ( '"/ '(+ %!5/ (0% ' "$1% 25/"/ $/& ') ",& 6"$ -)*+, / 1/'%)* 0, 30& % %"+* 6 *'!$# $ )-), '-), - )(")* '/+% -6% $)* - %+)'()*. $% ') ",!5/& - (-%,% C % -)20$% /!5/ " '02$ & -3 *$. $! $/!5/ $)-)$/ $)!*'' "$) +#*$ %) '$( / "$) 5/ $ %), 42+/ % <*0,"$/. ( '"/ -/ 0% - %31)*& 30 -$6 '(+ % $).! )& '$! $/ 425/ '/ '$.!$% - %""3$ ) -3 0,2mg. - )"1%) %"'3& $/& $( & $)* + $%)2 (0% ' $/,1% 1%1%", ' $/ 1%)! 3$% / $% ') ",!5/&,% 900 ±25 C. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 $/& $( & (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! -!'$ ).

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

32 31 $/ - )2" 0", - 0'$)-)%/ -0 + $%)2-3 +*,"'$ 3-#& % ) 1%+# %"'3& +*%"'!$# ' 1%2$& 1%+# )'!%), ',0' )3/&-$))*),)*, % '3 3 " ') ", ~ 100 ) C. :0% ')0 $# - )1%0 6 -)* ) )2 $) 52), 11)'()* 3$% $) + $, -)$, - )73 $)* 52)* % 0% *-! +)* "*0,"%' -)$("'$ ' *$! $)* 52)*. % $) -)")$%3 - )"1%) %"'3 $# +*%"'!$# -! / -3!,1)& 1,0' + $3")/&.! )*& 2g $ '( / $)* 1)+,)* ($6$ ) '(") % 6$ )), -)* $)-)$/ / "3/ 0% (+)*' $%- )"#-*$%3 1,0' % (0% $ %-3& - )"1%) %"'3& 0%! -!'$ ) (ASTM D , reapproved 2001) [18] $/ '()1) *$ - )"1%),"/ $ 1%*$! "$) 1%+# )'!%) "*"$$%! $)* + $%)2 $ )-), -)$)2 '($ ) $# / 6, %-6, /$%6,,# % - 3')%# )*"%6. ) 1,0' -)* + /"%')-)%/,% 2g 5/ "$) ( + $3")/ 1%"$!"# < 425'm % > 250'm. +%! <*0,"/ 12) 1,0'$ " - )<*0%"'() /'3. ) ( 1,0' 5/!/ " -* %$ %) "$)*& 100 (#& 105 C -, 1*) 6 &, $3-% $)-)$/ " '% + 6& -#'$%"'(/ %!/ <*0,"#&, 42+/ " 5/ $ %) % <*0,"/. 5 "/ "*+,"/ 0% - %31)*& 1 6 & '(+ % $).! )& - ',% "$ 3. :$"% *-))0,"/ $) -)")"$3 $/& -0'(/& -3 *0 ", + $3")/& $)* 5/ )2 "$) ( 1,0'$)&. )!) 1,0' $)-)$/ " 0#"$)2.! )*& /'3 % $)-)$/ "$/ "*"* Soxhlet. $3& -3 $) /'3 <*0,"/, / %!/, "$/ )-), $)-)$/ ) 1%2$/&, % ) +*%"$&. % <*0,"%& *$(& (0% ' ")-3 0,% (0+)& '$! $) $()& $# +*,"# *- 5-6% 1,0'$)&. $/ "*(+% ' $/.)% 3& )0)'$ %)2 "# - )"$(/ 150ml 1%+# )'!%) "$/ "% % %!/ $/& "*"*& % $)-)$/ ) /'3& "$) +*%"$. *$ / 1%1%", (0% ' - )")+ 6"$ '/ *-! +% -6% + $3")/&,! % )% /'), '/ *-.,)* $/ ) * $)* "# $)* "%#,)*. % $/ "21"/ $/& "*"*&,/ "$%& "'* %"'(& -%!%& -!"$ "%%3/& 0% $/ ')0 $# $'/'!$# % $/ -)*0 </'%6 '$! $) -( & $# +*,"#. ) 1,0' +*,"/ 0% & 1%$/ 6$& <#/ 3 $). "'3 $)* 1%2'$)&. $) $ 3-) *$3 -%$*0+!$% %$)* 0, $)* "%#,)* 6-8 ) (& $/ 6. $/ ( 5/ %$)* 0,& $/& "*"*& ) 1%2$/& '!/ % '3%& ($" " ') ",. "')2! +%" 5$',<$% 30# $/& -$/$%3$/$!& $)*. 6& +3$ - )& $ -!# 1% +3$ '(" -3 $) 42$/ $/& "*"*& ' -)$("' 42+,, *0 )-)%/, % -%"$ (4% "$) "# $/& "*"*& '("# $)* /')2, -)' 2)$& $*$3+ ) % $ +*,"'$ -)* *-! +)* "$) + $,. 3%& / "$!'/ $)*

33 32 1%2$/ "$) "#,+ *-., $/ "$!'/ $)* "%#,)*, *$3 $(/ " %$)* 0, ' -)$("' ) +*%"$& '<, ' $ +*,"'$ -3 $) + $, -%"$ )2 "$/ %!/ -)*. %"3$ "$/.!"/ $)* +*%"$. $! $) -( & $# -%$)2'# # 6, )% /'), -)' 2/ -3 $) +*%"$ % $(/ 2 )% "$) (. $/ "*(+% (0% 5!$'%"/ $)* 1%2$/ -3 $/ %!/ +*,"#& % $) - %+3'3 $/& 5/!/ "$) -* %$ %) "$)*& 103±2 C -, 1 6, 42+/ "$) 5/ $ %) % <*0,"/. 5 "/ "*+,"/ '(+ % "$ )2.! )*&. % $/ 5 "/,% -,$/$) -)' *, / "%%3/ 0% - )24)* " -)$("'$. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! $/0), + $%)2. ()& 3& )% "*"*(&,"/ 0% + /"%')-)%/)2 " -3'& +*,"%&. %1%3$ )% /'), 0% 2$ ) %"'3 $)-)$/ 0% ) %"'() + )%3 1%!"$/' " ) "'() 1%!*' H 2 SO 4 ' 1%+ #'%3!%). %3 6: +2%"/ + $%)2 ' 1%+# )'!%)

34 (ASTM D , reapproved 2001) [19] H '()1)& *$ - %!'. $) - )"1%) %"'3 $# 1%*$6 " ',0' )3/&-$))*),)* "*"$$%6 $)* + $%)2 $ )-),,% / ),,,-/, /$,&, (%, $,& %! "*"$$%! 1%!*$ "$) %(. 3") $) 1,0' 3") % / 1%1%",,% %.6&,1% ' $/ -,-$#"/ -)* + /"%')-)%/ 1%+# )'!%), '3) -)* $6 "$/ "% % %!/ $)-)$/ 150ml ',0' )3/&-$))*),)* (1L %3/& % 427 ml $))*),)*). % $) - )"1%) %"'3 (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! $/0), + $%) (~100 C) (ASTM D , reapproved 2001) [20] '()1)& *$ 1,% ( '($ ) 0% $/ - %$%3$/$ $)* + $%)2 " $,&, 3'', "!+, (0+ #' "*"$$%! %!'*. 2'# ' $/ - )1%0 $)-)$/ 2g. + $3")/&, 5/ & "$) ( 1%"$!"# < 425'm % > 250'm, 0#"$& *0 ",& -3 - )/0)2') - )"1%) %"'3 % 100ml -"$0'()* )2 " "% % %!/ % - )" '3"/ ) "*'-*#$& )2 - )/0)*'(#&,/ )% "'* %"'(& -%!%& ' -!"$ "%%3/&. %!/ $)-)$/ " '$%3 "6' "$) )-),) *',"/ / ') ",. "')2 (~100 ) C) % '!/ -, 3 6 &. (-% "/'%#, 3$% 3") *5!% / ') ", $)* )2 $3") *5!% $) -)")"$3 $# "*"$$%6 $)* + $%)2 -)* 1%2)$%. $/ "*(+% $) - %+3') $/& %!/& 1%// ' /'3-3 2) ' + "/ ')2 )2 % 3/"/ % $)-)$/ "$) -* %$ %) 0% 5 "/ "$)*& C. ()& ) /'3& $)-)$/ '(" " %!/ <*0,"#& ' + 3!*'', 42+/ "$) 5/ $ %) % <*0,"/. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! $/0), + $%)2.

35 34 %3 7: +2%"/ + $%)2 ' '3 3 (100 ) C)

36 (ASTM D , reapproved 2001) [21] % $) - )"1%) %"'3 $# "*)%6 +*%"'!$#, / +2%"/ (0% " $, "$!1%. +%! $)-)$/ 2g. + $3")/&, 5/ "$) ( -)*,+ 1%$!"%& < 250'm % > 180'm, "$) /'3 +*,"#& ($"% 6"$ '/ *-.,% $/ ) * $)* "# $)* "%#,)*, % (0% +2%"/ ' ',0' %3/&-$))*),)* 150ml 0% 4 6 &. $/ "*(+% ) /'3& '<, ' $) 1,0' '$( / " +)!/ $2-)* Büchner 3-)* ' 3/"/ -)' 2/ / -,""% $)* 1%2$/. /'3& % $) 1,0' -2/ ' )3/ 0% $/ -)'! *"/ $)* $))*),)* % $)-)$/ 5! "$/ "*"* +*,"#&. +2%"/ "*+,"/ ' 150ml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üchner ' + "/ - )<*0%"'(# /'6 1%/"/&. ) 1,0' $3-% '$( / -!% "$/ %!/ +*,"#& 0% $/ -3'/ +2%"/ 6 ) /'3& $)-)$/ "$) -* %$ %) 0% $) - )"1%) %"'3 $)* 1,0'$)& $) )-),) 1 -( " -3!/ +2%"/. $! $) $()& % $/& $,$/& +2%"/& % 1%/"/& $) 1,0' -2/ ' 500ml. "$3 -"$0'() )2 % (/ / +*%"," + $3")/ 5/, "$) (. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! $/0), + $%)2.

37 (ASTM D , reapproved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g. + $3")/& 5/ & "$) ( 1%"$!"# < 425'm $)-)$/ " /'3 +*,"#& 0#"$)2.! )*&. *$! $)-)$/ "$/ "*"* +*,"#& Soxhlet % +*,"/ +%! 0% 4 6 & ' 150ml %3/ (95%). $/ "*(+% -)' 2/ ) 1%2$/& -3 $/ %!/! % -3 $) /'3 ' 3/"/ % $) 1,0' +*,"/ ' 150ml ',0' )3/&-$))*),)* 0%!& 6 6 & "2'# ' $/ - )1%0 ASTM D 1107 / )-), ( / - -!#. $! $) $()& $/& +2%"/& -)' 2/ % -!% ) 1%2$/& % $) 1,0' -2/ ' 50 ml )3/ ' 3/"/ 0% $/ -)'! *"/ $)* $))*),)*. $3-% -)' 2/ / -,""% $/& )3/& % $) 1,0' '$( / " %!/ 3-)* +*,"/ ' 400 ml -"$0'() 3 " '$%3 "6' " ') ", 100 C 0% 3 6 &. $! $/ '$)! $)* 1,0'$)& -3 $) /'3 "$/ %!/,% 1*$3 ( '( )& *$)2 ',% "$) /'3. *$3 *-))0,<$%, ($"% 6"$ $ -)$("'$,% ". $! $/ +2%"/ -)' 2/ $) 1%!*' ' 3/"/ $) 1,0' -2/ ' 100 ml <"$3 3. %! -)' 2/, ' $/.)% 50 ml )3/&, -3 $) /'3 % (/ 5/, "$) (. ) 5/ 3 "$) ( 1,0' '$( / " %!/ <*0,"#& % ' $*$3+ )/!1*"/ - )"$(/ 15 ml 2) (12 (#& 15 C) H 2 SO 4 (72%). ) 1,0' ' $) )52 ',+/ -)2! ' "$!1*"/

38 37 $)*!+%"$) 0% 1 -$3. $/ "*(+% (/ 0% 2 6 & ' "*+!1*"/ " "$ ') ", C. $! $/ - (*"/ $# 2 # 6 $) ',0' '$( / - )"$%! " %!/ 1@ % - )"$(/ 560 ml -"$0'() 3 ($"% 6"$ / "*0($ #"/ $)* )5()& 0,% 3%. ) () ',0' (. " 0% 4 6 & 1%$/ )*'()* $)* 30)* $)* "$ )2 ' $/.)% "*'-*#$)2 -)* '3"/ "$/ %!/. $/ "*(+% (/ $) 1%!*$) *%3 $,"% % 1%// ' /'3 ) )-),)& (+% - % 5/, "$)*& C % <*0%"$,. $( / 3) $) *%3-3 $/ %!/ "$) /'3-2/ 3) ' 500 ml ')2 )2 0% -)' *, $) )52 % (/ 5/, 0% 2 6 & "$)*& C. -3 $) -* %$ %) 42+/ "$) 5/ $ %) % <*0,"/. ) - %+3') $)* /')2 -)$(" $/ %0,/. 5 "/ % / <20%"/ -/ '(+ % $).! )& - ',% "$ 3. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 $/& %0,/& (0% $ %& (3) -4%& 0%! $/0), + $%)2. %3 8: -,1 "/ H 2 SO 4 " + $, 0% $) - )"1%) %"'3 $/& %0,/&

39 Yayme (1942), Wise et.al (1946), Seifert (1960) % Fengel/Wegener (1976) [42] + $/& '31)*.",<$% "$/ -)%0,#"/. :$"% 0,$% +% %"'3& $)* 1,0'$)& ' 1%!*' *-)+# %61& $,)* (NaClO 2 ) " ph ~ 4 0% 5 h " *1$3)*$ ) 70 ºC. 1%1%", -)* ))*/ $ / 5&: /"%')-)%/ 2gr + $3")/& -3*$ 5/ & (atro) -0'(/& +*%"'!$#. *-6& *-))0,"$/ / *0 ", $/& ")/& 6"$ -! )*' -)"3$/$ 1,0'$)& 5/ & "$) ( (lutro) -)* $%"$)%+, " 2 gr atro.! 1 gr atro 1,0'$)& -%1!")* 10 ml NaClO 2 1%2'$)& (25%). ( )0)'$ %3 "# 150 ml $)-)$/ 10 ml NaClO 2 (25%) ' - )+)71, - )"$(/,0/ -)"3$/$ -"$0'()* )2 " ') ", 70 ºC % 0,75 ml -03') ) )5%3 )52. ) ',0' %/ % "$/ "*(+% - )"$(/ -"$0'() 3 " ') ", 70 ºC '(+ % $) 30) $# 150 ml. )-)$/ "$/ "*(+% $ 2 gr atro 1,0'$)& " "'* %"'(/ #% %!/ $# 250 ml, - )"$(/ $) 1%!*' $# 150 ml $)-)$/ +! $) -6' % / %!/ $)-)$/ " *1$3)*$ ) ') ",& 70 ºC 0% 2 1/2 h. $! $) -( & $# 2 1/2 h - )"$(/ "$/ %!/ 10 ml NaClO 2 % 0,75ml -03') ) )5%3 )52 ($"% 6"$ $) ph,% -,-)* 4. $! -3 $/ - (*"/!# 2 1/2 h 1/1 '$! $) -( & $)* +% %"')2 / #% %!/ 42+/ " 3 ' "*+ ) )2 % $) - %+3') $/& %!/& 1%)+$2/ " - )<*0%"'() 0*!%) /'3. ) 1,0' -2/ "$) /'3 ' 4*+ 3 3 #& 3$)* -)' *, $) Cl 2 % 1 - %(+$% ") 1%!*' (-*"/&. *$3 -%"$)-)%,$% "$) (-*' )2 - )"(")*',0) H 2 SO 4 % %#1%)2+)!%) )-3$ / -)*",,$ %)* + 6'$)& -%"$)-)%, $/ -)*", $)* Cl 2. $/ "*(+% $) 1,0' -2/ ' 50ml $3/& % $)-)$/ 0% 5 "/ "$),.) "$)*& 30ºC '(+ % -)' *, 3/ / *0 ",. $! $/ 5 "/ $) 1,0' <*0,"$/ ($) '02$ ) 3) $) -)")"$3 $/& %0,/& (+% 1%"-"$, % -*,) - )"1%),"$/ / *0 ", $)* % (0% 0#0 $)* -)")"$)2 $/& ))*$$,/& "$).! )& $# 2 gr $)* +%)2 1,0'$)& -0'()* -3 +*,"'$. 1%1%", -/!/ '% )! )-3$ % $).! )& $)* 1,0'$)& '$! $) -( & $/& 1%1%",& 1 '$./. % $) - )"1%) %"'3 $/& ))*$$,/& (0% 1*) (2) -4%& -3! -!'$ ) % + /"%')-)%/ 1,0' 2 ) +*%"'!$# $) )-), -!+/ "2'# ' $/ - ) 3'/ '()1) -0& + $%)2-3 +*,"'$.

40 39 %3 9: )"1%) %"'3& ))*$$,/&

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54 $%& 3')%& ') %)-!&! - '($ )* / ' $!// 1%0'$)/4, ) %"'()& %'3& 1)%',# $!/# 1%"$!"# "$ )-), - )"1%),"$/ "2'# ' $%& * #-7(& - )1%0 (& (European Nom) )% 3)*& %1%3$/$&:,)/+"+ - )"1%) %"'3& $/& -*3$/$& (0% "2'# ' $) * #-73-3$*-) 323 % - )(*4-3 '$ "%& -)* - 0'$)-)%/ " 3 $ 1),'% 1%"$!"# mm. % '$ "%& - 0'$)-)%/ )2 $ 1),'% %'$,"$/ " "+$% *0 ", 60-65% % ') ", ) C.,.% $# '$ "# $ 0,01 mm 0% $) ')&, $) -!$)& % $) -!+)& % 0,01 g 0% $).! )&. *-))0%"'3& $/& -*3$/$& (0% ' $/.)% $)* -!$# $2-)*. m r = (g/cm 2 ) b 1 b 2 t 3-)*: m: '!< (" g) $)* 1)%',)*, b 1 : ) ')& (" cm) $)* 1)%',)*, b 2 : ) -!$)& (" cm) $)* 1)%',)*, t: ) -!+)& (" cm) $)* 1)%',)* "$) ($ ) $)* " )( #-+ $+()+"+ $ ++()1 )*#0" % - )"1%) %"'), - 0'$)-)%/ "2'# ' $) * #-73 3$*-) 310. /'%)* 0/ 15 1),'% 1%"$!"# 29050mm! -!'$ ). 1),'% )2 %'$,"$/ " ') ", ) C % "+$% *0 ", 60-65% '$ / $) -!+)& % $) -!$)& $)*& "$/ $ % $)*& - %)+ (3-)* % "/ / 3 $%"/). $/ "*(+% (0% ) *-))0%"'3& $/& $)+& $)*& " "$$%!'4/ -3 3-)* ' $/ + /"%')-),/"/ $# $,"$)%+# $%'6.()*&!'4/&- - )(*4 % )% $%'(& $# '($ # "$%3$/$& % 2"/&. 3 $%"/ (0% ' 1%'($ )* 30mm % ')*& 100mm "$) ($ ) $# 1)%',# % ' "$ $+2$/$ $($)%, 6"$ / '(0%"$/ (1%5/ 12'/& '%<3$ " 60±30sec -3 $/ ( 5/ $/& 3 $%"/&. -3"$"/ $# *-)"$/ %0'!$# $,"/ ' $) %)"-!"%) $)* '(")* -!+)*& $# 1)%',# 0%! - )(*"/, 1/1 225mm. % *-))0%"'), (0% "2'# ' $)*& -!$# $2-)*&: 3F max I 1 ($ ) 2"/&: f m = (N/mm 2 ) 2bt 2

55 54 I 1 3 (F 2 -F 1 ) ($ ) "$%3$/$&: E m = (N/mm 2 ) 4bt 3 ( 2-1 ) =-)*: F max: '(0%"$/ 12'/ "!'4/, 1 : -3"$"/ $# *-)"$/ %0'!$# $! $/!"/"/ $/& 12'/&, b: $) -!$)& $)* 1)%',)* "$/ - %)+ 3 $%"/&, t: $) -!+)& $)* 1)%',)* "$/ - %)+ 3 $%"/&, F 2 : 12'/ -)* $%"$)%+, "$) 0,4 $/& F max F 1 : 12'/ -)* $%"$)%+, "$) 0,1 $/& F max, 1 : ).()&!'4/& -)* $%"$)%+, $! $/!"/"/ 12'/& F 1 "$) 1),'%), 2 : ).()&!'4/& -)* $%"$)%+, $! $/!"/"/ 12'/& F 2 "$) 1),'%) /+.1 $ $)* ( $!$),# - )"1%) %"'3& (0% "2'# ' $) * #-73 3$*-) %(+/ 20 1),'% 1%"$!"# 5050mm! -!'$ ). 0'$)-)%/ "*03/"/ $# 1)%',# ' '$%! -,1% + /"%')-)%6$& ')-"$% 3 % ))2/" %'$%"'3& $)*& " ') ", ) C % "+$% *0 ", 60-65%. :-%$ '$ / / $)+ $# 1)%',# " 0! "%) *"'3. 3 $%"/ (0% ' "$ $+2$/$ $($)%, 6"$ / '(0%"$/ (1%5/ 12'/& '%<3$ " 60±30sec -3 $/ ( 5/ $/& 3 $%"/&. *-))0%"'3& $/& $)+& " 0! "%) *"'3 (0% "2'# ' $) -!$# $2-): F $)+ " 0! "%) *"'3: S= (N/mm 2 ) A =-)*: F: '(0%"$/ 12'/ " 0! "%) *"'3, : -%!% -)3/"/& (')& -!$)& 1)%',)*) +* '*. &()5" )( '!"" /$ 4 % - )"1%) %"'), (0% "2'# ' $) * #-73 3$*-) 317. /"%')-)%/ 20 1),'% 1%"$!"# 5050mm! -!'$ ). )2 '$ / $).! )& % $) -!+)& "$) ($ ) $# 1)%',# (',.% 0,01g % 0,01mm $,"$)%+) $)-)$/ " 3 ') ",& 20 ) C 0% 24h % 48h % ))2#& (0% )% '$ "%& -3 $%& )-),&, " "+("/ ' $%& +%(&, - )(*4 $ -)")"$! 25/"/& -!+)*& (1%30#"/&) %.! )*& (- )" 3/"/&). % $2-)% -)* + /"%')-)%/,% )% 5&: d 24h d 0 d 48h d 0 $! -!+)& 1%30#"/: d 24h (%)= , d 48h (%)= d 0 d 0

56 55 W 24h W 0 W 48h W 0 )" 3/"/ )2: W 24h (%)= , W 48h (%)= W 0 W 0 =-)*: d 0 : ) +%3 -!+)& $)* 1)%',)* w 0 : ) +%3.! )& $)* 1)%',)*, d 24h : ) -!+)& $)* 1)%',)* '$! -3 24h '.!-$%"/& " 3, d 48h : ) -!+)& $)* 1)%',)* '$! -3 48h '.!-$%"/& " 3, W 24h : ).! )& $)* 1)%',)* '$! -3 24h '.!-$%"/& " 3, W 48h : ).! )& $)* 1)%',)* '$! -3 48h '.!-$%"/& " 3. &( (# '$ ($.#$/"! #&$:&" - )"1%) %"'3& (0% "2'# ' $) * #-73 3$*-) 120. /"%')-)%/ 60 1),'% 1%"$!"# 2525mm! -!'$ ). 1),'% " 0,"$/ '/$%! " -"$%(& ")2& % $)-)$/ " 4*0,) "$)*& 10 ) C '(+ % $/ + /"%')-),/" $)*& 0% $/ 1%50#0 $)* $"$. % $/ + /"%')-),/" $)*& 0% $)*& - )"1%) %"')2&, $ 1),'% %'$,"$/ " "*& ') ",& 0"$/,)* (20-22 ) C) 0% 12h. 1%1%", - )"1%) %"')2 - %'.!% +2%"/ 1)%',# "*)%)2.! )& 110g ' 600ml $))*3%) " "*"* perforator. $) +*%"$ %"!0)$% 1000ml -"$0'()* )2 % / +2%"/ 1%, 2 6 & '$! $) -( & $/& )-),& $) 3 (% / - %+3'/ " *$3 +*%"," ) '1?1/) '$00,<)$% " %!/ 2l / )-), -/ 6$% ' $) 1%!*' -)* - )2-$% '.!)$% 1*) (2) 1,0'$ % - )"1%),<$% / "*0($ #"/ ) '1?1/& + /"%')-)%6$& $/ #$)'$ % '()1) $/& $*)$3/&. [4] *-))0%"'3& $/& $%'& Perforator (0% ' $/.)% $)* $2-)*: ( s -A B ) f (100 + H) V %' Perforator:= mg/100g 5/ & ') %)-!& m H 3-)*: A s : -) 3/"/ $)* 1%2'$)& -)* - )(*4-3 $/ +2%"/, : -) 3/"/ 1,0'$)& -"$0'()* -%)%"'()* )2 (blank), f:,"/ (" mg/ml) $/& + /"%')-)%)2'/& - 3$*-/& '-2/&, : ) -)")"$3 $/& - %+3'/& *0 ",& $/& ') %)-!&, V: 30)& $/& )0)'$ %& %!/& (2000ml). M H : '!< (" g) $# 1)%',# ') %)-!& -)* + /"%')-)%/ 0% $/ +2%"/.

57 56 1%1%", - )"1%) %"')2 (0% 1*) (2) ) (& 0%! $2-) ') %)-!& % / $%' $/& - %+3'/& ) '1?1/& - )(*4-3 $) %'/$%3 '(") *$6.

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

59 $2-)& *-))0%"')2 $/& - %$%3$/$& " $(,%,1%)& "$) + $, % "$) 52). -)$("'$!<)* $) -, $/& % -)")"$3 $( & 03') " 1,0' + $%)2 52)* -0'()* *0 ",&. % W 1 W =-)* W1: $).! )& $/& $( & W2: $) 5/ 3.! )& $)* 1,0'$)& :$"% $ -)$("'$ $/& $( & 0% 3& $%& $/0),& + $)%.#$,# % 0% $ 5*)$'+,1% $ %6 - )"1%) %"'6,)$% "$) -!$#, 12,& 12: %+3'/ $( (%) " + $)$'+,1% % 5*)$'+,1% - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,220 7,382 6,806 7,136 5,898 6,129 5,981 6,003 4,061 4,015 3,950 4,009 2,604 2,501 2,657 2,587 1,124 1,132 1,234 1,163 *)$'+,1% 0,826 1,187 0,765 0,926

60 )$("'$ $)* -)")$%)2 - )"1%) %"')2 $# +*%"'!$# 0%! ( 1%2$/,!<)$% #& -, % -)")"$3 $)*.! )*& $# 1%*$6 " )3/ $))*3%), 1%+# )'!%)..-. "*"$$%6 $)* 1,0'$)& '.!"/ $).! )& $)* -0'() -3 *0 ",. "*"$$%! $)* 52)* % $)* + $%)2 1%*$! " )3/ $))*3%) % 1%+# )'!%) *-))0,<)$% "2'# ' $) $2-) : 1,0' =-)* : (W2 / W1P) X 100 W1 : $).! )& $)* 1,0'$)& 5/ )2 "$) (. W2 : $).! )& $)* 5/ )2 +*,"'$)& P:/ )0, $)* -0'()* *0 ",& "$) 5/ 3 "$) ( -)$("'$ $ %6 - )"1%) %"'6 '$! -3 +2%"/ ' $)*& #$( # 1%2$& - )*"%!<)$% "$)*& -!$#,&.,& 13: +*,"'$ (%) 1%*$! " %3/ - $))*3%) - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,151 2,152 2,691 2,331 2,651 3,183 3,176 3,003 1,604 2,140 1,605 1,783 3,266 2,716 2,720 2,901 2,107 2,105 2,106 2,106 *)$'+,1% 3,304 4,246 4,715 4,088

61 60,& 14: +*,"'$ (%) 1%*$! " 1%+# )'!%) - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,199 4,801 3,204 3,735 2,156 2,695 2,156 2,336 2,153 3,235 2,696 2,695 3,249 2,710 2,710 2,890 2,145 1,610 2,145 1,967 *)$'+,1% 2,826 2,360 1,889 2,358 "*"$$%! $)* 52)* % $)* + $%)2 1%*$! " '3 3 *-))0,<)$% "2'# ' $) $2-) : [ (W 1 - W 2 ) / W 1 ) ] X 100 =-)* : W 1 : $).! )& $)* 1,0'$)& $/& -0'()* *0 ",&. W 2 : $).! )& $)* 5/ )2 +*,"'$)&

62 61,& 15: +*,"'$ (%) 1%*$! " '3 3 (~100 ) C) "$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) 6,680 6,742 6,141 6,521 8,733 8,704 8,964 8,800 6,467 6,930 6,554 6,650 $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 7,429 7,468 7,568 7,488 $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) 7,173 7,797 7,901 7,624 *)$'+,1% 8,770 7,793 7,197 7,920

63 62,& 16: +*,"'$ (%) $! $/ - 0#0 52)* 2 )* +*%"'!$# - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,862 12,854 10,365 11,360 14,723 15,270 13,174 14,389 10,142 12,176 10,764 11,027 7,312 9,894 9,734 8,980 7,379 7,747 8,678 7,935 *)$'+,1% 10,534 10,264 10,425 10,408

64 )$("'$ $/& %0,/& ( )$% #& -)")"$3 -, $/& % $)*.! )*& $/& %0,/& " 1,0' -0'()* *0 ",& % '/ -0'()* -3 +*,"'$. 0'$)-)%/ $ %-3& - )"1%) %"'3& % $ -)$("'$ 1,)$% "$) -!$#, 17.,& 17: )")"$! %0,/& (%) - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,299 31,809 27,679 28,596 29,561 29,288 37,251 32,033 27,437 28,605 22,345 26,129 29,742 29,275 32,097 30,371 18,712 15,087 15,649 16,483 *)$'+,1% 31,795 26,418 28,031 28,748

65 )$("'$ $/& ))*$$,/& ( )$% #& -)")"$3 -, $/& % $)*.! )*& $/& ))*$$,/& " 1,0' -0'()* *0 ",& % -0'()* -3 +*,"'$. -)$("'$ 1,)$% "$) -!$#, 18.,& 18: )")"$! ))*$$,/& (%) - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) ,800 81,450 80,125 80,700 79,200 79,950 85,150 86,600 85,875 81,450 81,750 81,600 83,250 85,050 84,150 *)$'+,1% 66,1 66,5 66,300 %3 21: )*$$,/ + $%)2 + $)%.#$,#

66 65 % '(")% 3 )% 3# $# -)$"'!$# $# +/'%6 2"# -)* - 0'$)-)%/,)$% "$), 19 % $/ 0 % -!"$"/ -)* ))*)2.,& 19: -)$("'$ +/'%6 2"# " + $)$'+,1% % 5*)$'+,1% - 8 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) $)%.6$% %"0#0& (3 $ 2) (%) - (%) - (%) (%) / (%) (%) - (%) 7,136 2,331 3,735 6,521 11,360 28,596 80,125 6,003 3,003 2,336 8,800 14,389 32,033 79,950 4,009 1,783 2,695 6,650 11,027 26,129 85,875 2,587 2,901 2,890 7,488 8,980 30,371 81,600 1,163 2,106 1,967 7,624 7,935 16,483 84,150 *)$'+,1% 0,926 4,088 2,358 7,920 10,408 28,748 66,300

67 66 +' 4 : -)$("'$ +/'%6 2"# (%) "$ #')-5"$ #') + $)%.6$%) "#$ %! 2 + $)%.#$,)* 5#$ %! 2 + $)%.#$,)* + $) )*$)%.#$%) + $)%.6$%) %"0#0& - 8 5*)$'+,1% ; / -

68 % (")% = )% $# + $/ %"$%6 % $# %1%)$$# $# + $)$'+%1,# % 5*)$'+%1,# ( )$% "$) -!$#, 20.,& 20: $/ %"$%!-1%3$/$& + $)$'+%1,# & *)$'+%1,# 8,+$#.%&( ++$#.%&( 2>)>1 >2 +)(25+%5/ +!,+)(25+%5/ 7# 14,726 13,396 $'+#!% 82,374 61,454 5 ()1,)/+"+ 0,183 0,043 0,056 ph 5,98 8,01 8,06.'3& -$)'),&,% ) '(")& 3 )& '$ "# 100 $'+%1,# -3! $/0), % / +# % -*3$/$ % $) ph -)$)2 '(") 3 ) $ %6-4# -3! -!'$ ).

69 $! $/ -)A#"/ $# 5*)$'+%1,# 1%-%"$6/ 3$% *-! +% ( '% 3 -)")"$3 *$$! # ~5% $ )-), 1,% 2$$ 52)*. % $) -)")$%3 - )"1%) %"'3 $# *$$! # (0% / -!$# $/0) %)-),/"/."%<3'/ "$) ')& $)*&: 1. 2$$ ' ')& <25% $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*& 2. 2$$ ' ')& 25-50% $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*& 3. 2$$ ' ')& 50-75% $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*& 4. 2$$ ' ')& % $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*& $) "2)) $# *$$! # $)* 52)* $)-,"$/ ( '0!) -)")"$3 *$$! # ' ')& <25% $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*& ( *"'(), 6 1 $)-,"$/ 2$$ -)* )* "$/ 2 / % 3 / $/0),. 2'# ' $/ '()1) -)A#"/& -)* '3"$/ # / 3$% 2$$ -)* )* "$/ 4 / $/0),,% )3/ 2$$ (WF- Whole Fibers). -)$("'$ $/& -)A#"/& 0% $ 5*)$'+,1%,)$% "$) -!$#, 21.,& 21: %'3& %,1)& *$$! # "$ 5*)$'+,1% ' ')& % $)* "*)%)2 $)*& ')*&,1)& *$$! # 8,+$#.%&( 2>)>1 (WF) >2 (WF) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # +71& ,81 % ,13 % 8& ,30 % ,75 % 00, 52 3,89 % 189 5,12 % 2)) % % WF: (Whole Fibers) )3/ 2$$ (')& %)

70 : 00,), 2: % 3 22: 2$$ 3 / /,, 3: *"'( / $ + A 1 5* )$ ' +%1,# : % 3 *"'( / $ 23: 2$$ + A 1, 2: 5* )$ ' +%1,# *"'( /,, 3: 3 / /,

71 70 -)$("'$ $/& -)7#"/& $)* + $%)2,)$% "$)*& -!$#,&,& 22: %'3& %,1)& *$$! # "$ + $)$'+,1% 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) ++$#.%&( $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2),1)& *$$! # %'3& *$$! # WF )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# WF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # FF )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# FF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # WF )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# WF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # FF )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# FF *$$! # +71& ,86 % ,96 % ,38 % ,95 % 8& ,16 % 30 9,04 % ,89 % 43 14,05 % 00, 12 2,98 % ,73 % - - 2)) % % % %,& 23: %'3& %,1)& *$$! # "$ + $)$'+,1%,1)& *$$! # %'3& *$$! # WF 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# WF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # FF ++$#.%&( )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# FF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # WF 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# WF *$$! # %'3& *$$! # FF )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# FF *$$! # +71& 57 28,36 % ,08 % 73 22,39 % ,43 % 8& ,18 % 57 15,92 % ,31 % 36 14,57 % 00, 17 8,46 % ,30 % - - 2)) % % % % WF: (Whole Fibers) )3/ 2$$ (')& %) FF: (Fiber Fragments) *"'( 2$$ (')& 25-75%)

72 71,& 24: %'3& )3/ # % *"'(# *$$! # "$ + $)$'+,1% $/0),& + $%)2 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # WF ,77 % ,78 % ,88 % ,99 % FF ,23 % ,22 % 97 45,12 % ,01 % 2)) % % % % WF: (Whole Fibers) )3/ 2$$ (')& %) FF: (Fiber Fragments) *"'( 2$$ (')& 25-75%),& 25: %'3& *$$! #!,1)& -)$)2 "$ + $)$'+,1%,1)& -)$)2 /'%3& -)$3& '%+/'%3& -)$3& 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (3 $ 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # $) )*$)%.6$% (3 $ 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% ("#$ %! 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # 3"$ #'-5"$ #' + $)%.6$% (5#$ %! 2) %'3& *$$! # )")"$3 % -, $)* "*3)* $# *$$! # ,50 % ,31 % ,68 % ,94 % ,50 % ,69 % ,32 % ,06 % 2)) % % % %

73 : *"'(& $ +A1& /'%+/'%3& -)$3& 2: *"'(/, +/'%3& -)$3& %3 24: 2$$ + $)$'+%1,#

The above media is designed to purify antibodies from aggregates and other impurities.

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