The mining sector in Africa

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1 HIF, Freiberg The mining sector in Africa and the conflict minerals issue

2 Table of contents Mining sector in Africa Artisanal and smallscale mining Conflict minerals

3 Mining sector in Africa Natural resources in Africa are important for supplying the global economy while resource exports are central to the economies of many countries. Increasing demand (including in emerging markets) and increase in prices for individual commodities are a great opportunity for mining countries.

4 Mining countries across the world Russia 7% Canada 4%4% Canada Ukraine 1% EU 3% Kazachstan1% USA 6% USA 6% China 17% China 17% India 5% Peru 3% Indonesia 3% Brazil 6% 10-20% 5-10% 1-5% 0,5-1% 0,1-0,5% Australia 11% Chile 7% South Africa 6% World mining production in 2010: 610 B. USD* *not including oil resources Australia 11%

5 Africa s share in global mine production (2010) 70 %Part of the world mining production ,6 15,4 3,5 18,4 6,7 6,8 3,5 0, , , ,1 2,8 8 9,7 4,8 0,6 2,8 5,7 7,2 2,3 0,3 2,1 3 4,2 2, ,2 2,5 1 1,3 0,2 Südafrika DR Kongo Sambia Mosambik Botswana Angola Ghana Guinea Simbabwe rest. Afrika

6 Share in global GDP and relevance of metals for export (Global GDP in 2014: 77,9 tn USD; Africa: 1,7 tn USD) Mainly mining Mainly refining Highest relevance (min. 50 % from exports or min. 30 % from GDP) High relevance (min. 25 % from exports or min. 20 % from GDP) Medium relevance (min. 15 % from exports or min. 10 % from GDP)

7 Mineral Provinces and Potential for new discoveries Areas covered with recent overburden (unknown underlying geology) PGMs 88 % Manganese 79 % Diamonds 56 % Cobalt 41 % Chromite** 40 % Gold 34 % Nickel 9 % Bauxite 2 % Copper 3 % Iron Ore 1 % Uranium* 11 % Petroleum* 10 % Natural Gas* 8 % Hard Coal* 5 % * 2007 data **database incomplete Reserve base 2008 Source: USGS, BGR Hannover, CSA Group Ltd., 2005

8 Attractiveness of exploration investments in Africa Country Geologic attractiveness Political stability Attractiveness for exploration investment Policy Perception Index Angola Botswana Burkina Faso CAR DRC Eritrea Ethiopia Ghana Morocco Namibia Niger Nigeria Sierra Leone South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Source: Fraser Institute Mining Survey 2014

9 Reasons for Underperformance of the Mineral Sector in Africa Political and economical instability causes investment risks Corruption increases business costs and illegal business transactions Insufficient infrastructure causes high logistic costs Shortage of skilled labour in the mining sector In general: Unattractive business environment causes low Foreign Direct Investments in the mining sector in Africa

10 Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) ASM is a livelihood that is found mainly in poor rural regions of developing or newly industrialized countries as a way of subsistence or as a small business. It is labor intensive associated with little to no mechanization.

11 Artisanal coltan mining in Mutala, Mozambique Source: BGR, 2009

12 Artisanal gold mining in Merela,Tanzania Source: BGR, 2005

13 Artisanal tin mining in Salukwongo, DRC Source: BGR, 2015

14 Characteristics of ASM in Africa Informal mining most of the time, sometimes illegal Poor safety, health and working conditions Impacts the social environment (migration, child labour...) High accumulated environmental impact Low productivity and low accessibility to the market

15 Characteristics of ASM in Africa High potential for development Real transfer of local know-how Supports the local markets and increases purchasing power Provides employment for young people in isolated regions Supports community development indirectly

16 Share of the population depending on ASM Africa Latin America Central and SE Asia World Workforce 2015 (Millions) Number of dependents

17 ASM share of the world production Commodities ASM share of the world production (%) ASM workforce per commodity (Million) Metals Mass commodities (semi-) precious stones Antimony <1% Chrome Cobalt Copper Gold Iron Lead Manganese PGE Silver Tantalum Tin Tungsten Zinc Coal Sand and gravel Fluorite Diamonds Gemstones

18 ASM associated with conflicts in Africa (in 2009)

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