NASCON ALLIED INDUSTRIES PLC. Unaudited Financial Statements

Transcription

1 Unaudited Financial Statements

2 Unaudited Financial Statements CONTENTS PAGE Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income 2 Statement of Financial Position 3 Statement of Changes in Equity 4 Statement of Cash Flows

3 Statement of Profit or Loss and Other Comprehensive Income Notes N'000 N'000 Continuing Operations Revenue 5 12,824,088 12,723,221 Cost of sales 7 (8,660,879) (8,726,757) Gross profit 4,163,209 3,996,464 Investment income 8 354,015 86,502 Other income 9 11, Distribution cost 10.1 (364,379) (323,124) Administrative expenses 10.2 (927,291) (808,696) Finance costs 11 - (72,113) Profit before taxation 3,236,868 2,879,751 Taxation 13 (1,035,798) (921,520) PROFIT FOR THE YEAR 2,201,070 1,958,231 Other comprehensive income - TOTAL COMPREHENSIVE INCOME FOR THE YEAR 2,201,070 1,958,231 Earnings per share From continuing operations - Basic earnings per share (Kobo)

4 Statement of Financial Position Notes N'000 N'000 Assets Non-current assets Property, plant and equipment 16 9,726,454 8,251,434 Intangible asset 17-7,170 Other assets 18-5,513 Total non-current assets 9,726,454 8,264,117 Current assets Inventories 19 3,900,739 3,531,551 Trade and other receivables 20 7,832,706 7,740,353 Other financial assets ,433 - Other assets 18 1,375,271 1,774,688 Cash and bank 21 6,622,436 2,906,763 Total current assets 20,164,585 15,953,355 Total assets 29,891,039 24,217,472 Equity and liabilities Equity Share capital 23 1,324,719 1,324,719 Share premium , ,037 Retained earnings 25 8,003,369 6,391,094 Total equity 9,762,125 8,149,850 Liabilities Borrowings 27 38,570 38,570 Retirement benefit obligation , ,616 Deferred tax liabilities 14 1,712,001 1,143,882 Total non-current liabilities 1,956,115 1,422,068 Current liabilities Trade and other payables 29 15,343,757 12,925,146 Current tax liabilities 13 2,829,042 1,720,408 Total current liabilities 18,172,799 14,645,554 Total liabilities 20,128,914 16,067,622 Total equity and liabilities 29,891,039 24,217,472 The financial statements and the notes on pages 6 to 39, were approved by the board on July 20, 2018 and were signed on its behalf by Paul Farrer Managing Director FRC/2016/IODN/ Iwamofe Tunde Finance Controller FRC/2013/ICAN/

5 Statement of Changes in Equity Share Revaluation Retained Share capital premium reserve earnings Total equity N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 N'000 Balance at January 1, ,324, ,037-6,287,471 8,046,227 - Profit for the year 1,958,231 1,958,231 Other comprehensive income for the year (net of tax) Total comprehensive income ,958,231 1,958,231 Adjustment Payment of dividends (1,854,607) (1,854,607) Balance at June 30, ,324, ,037-6,391,095 8,149,850 - Balance at January 1, ,324, ,037-9,776,456 11,535,212 Profit for the year - - 2,201,070 2,201,070 Other comprehensive income for the year (net of tax) Total comprehensive income ,201,070 2,201,070 Payment of dividends (3,974,158) (3,974,158) Balance at June 30, ,324, ,037-4,618,007 9,762,125 4

6 Statement of Cash Flows Notes N'000 N'000 Cash flows from operating activities Cash receipt from customers 12,507,859 12,548,667 Cash paid to suppliers and employees (10,249,769) (7,554,673) Cash generated from operations 30 2,258,090 4,993,994 - Tax paid 13 (192,131) (73,337) Net cash provided from operating activities 2,065,959 4,920,657 Cash flows from investing activities Purchase of intangible assets Purchase of PPE 16 (1,300,235) (2,669,225) Proceed from sale of PPE 115 3,480 Purchase of short term investment - - Interest received 8 354,015 86,502 Net cash used in investing activities (946,105) (2,579,243) Cash flows from financing activities Dividends paid 26 (3,974,158) (1,854,607) Interest paid 11 - (72,113) Net cash used in financing activities (3,974,158) (1,926,720) Cash and cash equivalents for the year (2,854,304) 414,694 Cash and cash equivalents at January 1, ,476,740 2,492,069 Cash and cash equivalents at June 30, ,622,436 2,906,763 5

7 1. GENERAL INFORMATION NASCON ALLIED INDUSTRIES Plc.(formerly known as National Salt Company of Nigeria Plc.) was incorporated in Nigeria as a limited liability company on 30 April It was fully privatised in April, 1992 and became listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange on 20 October, At a general meeting held on 29 September 2006, the shareholders approved the acquisition of the assets, liabilities and business undertakings of Dangote Salt Limited and the issue and allotment of additional NASCON PLC shares as the purchase consideration. The major shareholder of the Company is Dangote Industries Limited that owns 62.19% of the issued share capital, while the remaining 37.81% is held by the Nigerian public. The ultimate controlling Company is Greenview International Corporation. The registered address of the Company is located at Salt City, Ijoko Ota, Ogun State. 1.1 The principal activity The principal activity of the Company is the refining and sale of Edible, Refined, Bulk and Industrial Salt, Tomato Paste, Vegetable Oil as well as Seasoning. The Company s products are sold through distributors across the country. 1.2 Financial period These financial statements cover the financial period from January 1, 2018 to June 30, 2018 with comparatives for same period ended June 30, Going Concern status The Company has consistently turned in profits since The Directors believe that there is no intention or threat from any party to curtail significantly its line of business in the foreseeable future. Thus, these Financial Statements are prepared on a going concern basis. 2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The principal accounting policies applied in the preparation of these Financial Statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. 2.1 Statement of compliance with IFRS The Financial Statements are prepared in accordance with, and comply with, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Financial Reporting Interpretations Committee (IFRIC) interpretations issued and effective at the time of preparing these financial statements. 2.2 Basis of measurement The Financial Statements have been prepared on the historical cost basis except for the revaluation of certain financial instruments. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for assets. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Company takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for sharebased payment transactions that are within the scope of IFRS 2, leasing transactions that are within the scope of IAS 17, and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realisable value in IAS 2 or value in use in IAS 36. 6

8 In addition, for financial reporting purposes, fair value measurements are categorised into level 1, 2 or 3 based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety, which are described as follows: Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date; Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included within level 1, that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly; and Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability. 2.3 Functional and presentation currency These Financial Statements are presented in Naira, which is the Company s functional currency. All financial information presented in Naira has been rounded to the nearest thousand Foreign currency transactions A foreign currency transaction is recorded, on initial recognition in Naira, by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. At the end of the reporting period: - foreign currency monetary items are translated using the closing rate; Revenue recognition Revenue is measured as the fair value of the consideration received or receivable and represents amounts receivable for goods and services provided in the normal course of business, after deducting discounts, customer returns, VAT, volume rebates and other similar allowance. Sales are stated at their invoiced amount which is net of value added taxes and discounts. Revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when all the following conditions are satisfied: - the Company has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership of the goods; - non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rate at the date of the transaction; and non-monetary items that are measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value was determined. Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items or on translating monetary items at rates different from those at which they were translated on initial recognition during the period or in previous financial statements are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they arise. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised to other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised to other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity. When a gain or loss on a non-monetary item is recognised in profit or loss, any exchange component of that gain or loss is recognised in profit or loss. Cash flows arising from transactions in a foreign currency are recorded in Naira by applying to the foreign currency amount the exchange rate between the Naira and the foreign currency at the date of the cash flow. the Company retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold; 7

9 - - - the amount of revenue can be measured reliably; it is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the Company; and the costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. Specifically, revenue from the sale of goods is recognised when goods are delivered (or collected, if sold under self-collection terms) and legal title is passed. 2.5 Interest income Interest income from a financial asset is recognised when it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably. Interest income is accrued on a time basis, by reference to the principal outstanding and at the effective interest rate applicable, which is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts through the expected life of the financial asset to that asset s net carrying amount on initial recognition. 2.6 Employee Benefits Retirement benefit costs Payments to defined contribution retirement benefit plans are recognised as an expense when employees have rendered service entitling them to the contributions. 2.7 Taxation Income tax expense represents the sum of the tax currently payable and deferred tax. Current tax The tax currently payable is based on taxable profit for the year. Taxable profit differs from profit as reported in the statements of comprehensive income because of items of income or expense that are taxable or deductible in other years and items that are never taxable or deductible. The Company s liability for current tax is calculated using tax rates that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. Current income tax is the expected amount of income tax payable on the taxable profit for the year determined in accordance with the Companies Income Tax Act (CITA) using statutory tax rates at the reporting sheet date. Education tax is assessed at 2% of the assessable profits. Deferred tax Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured at the tax rates that are expected to apply in the period in which the liability is settled or the asset realised, based on tax rates (and tax laws) that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the end of the reporting period. The measurement of deferred tax liabilities and assets reflects the tax consequences that would follow from the manner in which the Company expects, at the end of the reporting period, to recover or settle the carrying amount of its assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are offset when there is a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and when they relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority and the Company intends to settle its current tax assets and liabilities on a net basis. Current and deferred tax are recognised in profit and loss, except when they relate to items that are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity, in which case, the current and deferred tax are recognised in other comprehensive income or directly in equity respectively. Where current tax and deferred tax arises from the initial accounting for a business combination, the tax effect is included in the accounting for the business combination. 8

10 2.8 Property, plant and equipment Recognition and measurement Items of property, plant and equipment are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes expenditure that is directly attributable to the acquisition of the asset. Fixed assets under construction are disclosed as capital work-in-progress. The cost of construction recognised includes the cost of materials and direct labour, any other costs directly attributable to bringing the assets to a working condition for their intended use, the costs of dismantling and removing the items and restoring the site on which they are located, and borrowing costs on qualifying assets. Purchased software that is integral to the functionality of the related equipment is capitalized as part of the equipment. When parts of an item of property, plant and equipment have different useful lives, they are accounted for as separate items (major components) of property, plant and equipment. Gains and losses on disposal of an item of property, plant and equipment are determined by comparing the proceeds from disposal with the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment, and are recognized in the statement of comprehensive income Subsequent costs The cost of replacing a part of an item of property, plant and equipment is recognized in the carrying amount of the item if it is probable that the future economic benefits embodied within the part will flow to the Company and its cost can be measured reliably. The carrying amount of the replaced part is derecognized. The costs of the dayto-day servicing of property, plant and equipment are recognized in profit or loss as incurred Depreciation Depreciation is calculated on the depreciable amount, which is the cost of an asset, or other amount substituted for cost, less its estimated residual value. Depreciation is recognized in profit or loss on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of each part of an item of property, plant and equipment which reflects the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. Leased assets are depreciated over the shorter of the lease term and their useful lives unless it is reasonably certain that the Company will obtain ownership by the end of the lease term in which case the assets are depreciated over the useful life. The estimated useful lives for the current and comparative year are as follows: Buildings 50 years (2%) Plant and Machinery 15 years (6.67%) Motor Vehicles 4 years (25%) Computer Equipment 3 years (33.3%) Tools and Equipment 4 years (25%) Furniture and Equipment 5 years (20%) Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each financial year end and adjusted if appropriate. Capital work-in-progress is not depreciated. The attributable cost of each asset is transferred to the relevant asset category immediately the asset is available for use and depreciated accordingly. 9

11 Property, plant and equipment (cont'd) Properties in the course of construction for production, supply or administrative purposes, or for purposes not yet determined, are carried at cost, less any recognised impairment loss. Cost includes professional fees and, for qualifying assets, borrowing costs capitalised in accordance with the Company s accounting policy. Depreciation of these assets, on the same basis as other property assets, commences when the assets are ready for their intended use. Depreciation is recognised so as to write off the cost of assets (other than properties under construction) less their residual values over their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciation method are reviewed at each year end, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted for on a prospective basis. Assets held under finance leases are depreciated over their expected useful lives on the same basis as owned assets or, where shorter, the term of the relevant lease. 2.9 Leases Leases are classified as finance leases whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee. All other leases are classified as operating leases. Operating leases - Lessee Operating lease payments are recognised as an expense on a straight line basis over the lease term. The difference between the amount recogniised as an expense and the contractual payments are recognised as an operating lease asset. This liability is not discounted Any contingent rentals are expensed in the period they are incurred. In the event that lease incentives are received to enter into operating leases, such incentives are recognised as a liability. The aggregate benefit of incentives is recognised as a reduction of rental expense on a straight line basis, except where another systematic basis is more representative of the time pattern in which economic benefits from the leased assets are consumed. Where there are no agreed lease terms, rent payable is recognised as incurred Intangible assets Intangible assets acquired separately Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each annual reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses. Derecognition of intangible assets An intangible asset is derecognized on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use or disposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in profit or loss when the asset is derecognised. Impairment of tangible and intangible assets excluding goodwill At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assets to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any such indication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of the impairment loss (if any). Where it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, the Company estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. Where a reasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individual cash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest group of cash-generating units for which a reasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified. Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairment at least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. 10

12 Impairment of tangible and intangible assets excluding goodwill (cont'd) Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs to sell and value in use. In assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of future cash flows have not been adjusted. If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss. Where an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for the asset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit or loss Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost and net realisable value. Cost of engineering spares and consumable stock is determined on a weighted average basis. Cost of other stock (Raw materials, packaging materials, work in progress and finished goods) is determined on the basis of standard costs adjusted for variances. Standard costs are periodically reviewed to approximate actual costs. Goods in transit are valued at the invoice price. Cost of inventory includes purchase cost, conversion cost (materials, labour and overhead) and other costs incurred to bring inventory to its present location and condition. Finished goods, which include direct labour and factory overheads, are valued at standard cost adjusted at year-end on an actual cost basis. Costs, including an appropriate portion of fixed and variable overhead expenses, are assigned to inventories by the method most appropriate to the particular class of inventory, with the majority being valued on an average cost basis. Net realizable value represents the estimated selling price for inventories less all estimated costs of completion and costs necessary to make the sale Provisions Provisions are recognised when:. the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event;. it is probable that the Company will be required to settle the obligation;. and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation (when the time value of money is material). The amount recognised as a provision is the best estimate of the consideration required to settle the present obligation at the end of the reporting period, taking into account the risks and uncertainties surrounding the obligation. Where a provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation, its carrying amount is the present value of those cash flows. Where some or all of the economic benefits required to settle a provision are expected to be recovered from a third party, a receivable is recognised as an asset if it is virtually certain that reimbursement will be received and the amount of the receivable can be measured reliably. If Company has a contract that is onerous, the present obligation under the contract shall be recognised and measured as a provisions. An onerous contract is considered to exist where the Company has a contract under which the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received from the contract Environmental costs Costs incurred that result in future economic benefits, such as extending useful lives, increasing capacity or safety, and those costs incurred to mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. When the Company s management determine that it is probable that a liability for environmental costs exists and that its resolution will result in an outflow of resources, an estimate of the future remediation cost is recorded as a provision without contingent insurance recoveries being offset (only virtually certain insurance recoveries are recognized as an asset on the statement of financial position). When we do not have a reliable reversal time schedule or when the effect of the passage of time is not significant, the provision is calculated based on undiscounted cash flows. Environmental costs, which are not included above, are expensed as incurred. 11

13 2.13 Financial instruments Financial assets and financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. Financial assets and financial liabilities are initially measured at fair value. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of the financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from the fair value of the financial assets or financial liabilities, as appropriate, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised immediately in profit or loss. Classification The Company classifies financial assets into the following specified categories:. Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss. Held-to-maturity investment. Loans and receivables. Available-for-sale financial assets Classification depends on the nature and purpose of the financial assets and is determined at the time of initial recognition. All regular purchases or sales of financial assets are recognised and derecognized on a trade date basis. Regular purchases or sales are purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the time frame established by regulation or convention in the market place. The Company s financial assets comprise loans and receivables. Initial recognition and measurement Financial instruments are recognised initially when the Company becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instruments. The Company classifies financial instruments, or their component parts, on initial recognition as a financial asset, a financial liability (debt) or an equity instrument in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangement. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects. Subsequent measurement Financial instruments at fair value through profit or loss are subsequently measured at fair value, with gains and losses arising from changes in fair value being included in profit or loss for the period. Net gains or losses recognised in profit or loss include interest. Financial liabilities at amortised cost are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest method. Effective interest method The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a debt instrument and of allocating interest income over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly discounts estimated future cash receipts (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the debt instrument, or (where appropriate) a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition. Income is recognised on an effective interest basis for debt instruments other than those financial assets classified as at FVTPL. Financial instrucments designated as loans and receivables Loans and receivables are non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that are not quoted in an active market. Loans and receivables (including trade and other receivables) are measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method, less any impairment. Interest income is recognised by applying the effective interest rate, except for short-term receivables when the recognition of interest would be immaterial. 12

14 2.13 Financial instruments Impairment of financial assets Financial assets, other than those at FVTPL, are assessed for indicators of impairment at the end of each reporting period. Financial assets are considered impaired when there is objective evidence that as a result of one or more events that occurred after the initial recognition of the financial asset, the estimated future cash flows of the investment have been affected. For all categories of financial assets, objective evidence of impairment could include: significant financial difficulty of the issuer or counterparty, or breach of contract, such as a default or delinquency in interest or principal payments; or It is becoming probable that the owner will enter bankruptcy or financial re-organisation; or the disappearance of an active market for that financial asset because of financial difficulties. For certain categories of financial asset, such as trade receivables, assets that are assessed not to be impaired individually are, in addition, assessed for impairment on a collective basis. Objective evidence of impairment for a portfolio of receivables could include the Company s past experience of collecting payments, an increase in the number of delayed payments in the portfolio past the average credit period of 30 days, as well as observable changes in national or local economic conditions that correlate with a default on receivables. For financial assets carried at amortised cost, the amount of the impairment loss recognised is the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at the financial asset s original effective interest rate. For financial assets carried at cost, the amount of the impairment loss is measured as the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the present value of the estimated future cash flows discounted at the current market rate of return for a similar financial asset. Such impairment loss will not be reversed in subsequent periods. The carrying amount of the financial asset is reduced by the impairment loss directly for all financial assets with the exception of trade receivables, where the carrying amount is reduced through the use of an allowance account. When a trade receivable is considered uncollectible, it is written off against the allowance account. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited against the allowance account. Changes in the carrying amount of the allowance account are recognised in profit or loss. Derecognition of financial assets The Company derecognises a financial asset only when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expire, or when it transfers the financial asset and substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of the asset to another entity. If the Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership and continues to control the transferred asset, the Company recognises its retained interest in the asset and an associated liability for amounts it may have to pay. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferred financial asset, the Company continues to recognise the financial asset and also recognises a collateralised borrowing for the proceeds received. On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the sum of the consideration received and receivable and the cumulative gain or loss that had been recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity is recognised in profit or loss. The derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when the 0.73 billion s obligations are discharged, cancelled, or they expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid, and payable is recognised in 0.74 billion. Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash, highly liquid investments and cash equivalents which are not subject to significant changes in value and with an original maturity date of generally less than three months from the time of purchase. 13

15 Classification as debt or equity Debt and equity instruments are classified as either financial liabilities or as equity in accordance with the substance of the contractual arrangements and the definitions of a financial liability and an equity instrument. Equity instruments An equity instrument is any contract that evidences a residual interest in the assets of an entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instruments issued by the Company are recognised at the proceeds received, net of direct issue costs. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issue of ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects. Other financial liabilities Other financial liabilities (including borrowings and trade and other payables) are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The effective interest method is a method of calculating the amortised cost of a financial liability and of allocating interest expense over the relevant period. The effective interest rate is the rate that exactly estimates future cash payments (including all fees and points paid or received that form an integral part of the effective interest rate, transaction costs and other premiums or discounts) through the expected life of the financial liability, or (where appropriate), a shorter period, to the net carrying amount on initial recognition. Financial liabilities Financial liabilities are classified as either financial liabilities at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL) or other liabilities. Financial liabilities are classified as at FVTPL when the financial liability is either held for trading or it is designated as at FVTPL. A financial liability is classified as held for trading if:... it has been acquired principally for the purpose of repurchasing it in the near term or on initial recognition; it is part of a portfolio of identified financial instruments that the Company manages together and has a recent actual pattern of short term profit taking; it is a derivative that is not designated and effective as a hedging instrument. A financial liability other than a financial liability held for trading may be designated as at FVTPL upon initial recognition if such designation eliminates or significantly reduces a measurement or recognition inconsistency that would otherwise arise; or the financial liability forms part of a group of financial assets or financial liabilities or both, which is managed and its performance is evaluated on a fair value basis, in accordance with the Company s documented risk management or investment strategy, and information about the grouping is provided on that basis; or it forms part of a contract containing one or more embedded derivatives, and IAS 39 permits the entire combined contract (asset or liability) to be designated as at FVTPL. Financial liabilities at FVTPL are stated at fair value, with any gains or losses arising on remeasurement recognised in profit or loss. The net gain or loss recognised in profit or loss incorporates any interest paid on the financial liability and is included in the other gains and losses line item. Bank overdraft and borrowings Bank overdrafts and borrowings are initially measured at fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method. Any difference between the proceeds (net of transaction costs) and the settlement or redemption of borrowings is recognised over the term of the borrowings in accordance with the company s accounting policy for borrowing costs. 14

16 Derecognition of financial liabilities The Company derecognises financial liabilities when, and only when the Company s obligations are discharged, cancelled, or they expire. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognised and the consideration paid, and payable is recognised in profit or loss. These include loans to and from holding companies, fellow subsidiaries, subsidiaries, joint ventures and associates and are recognised initially at fair value plus direct transaction costs. Loans to group companies are classified as loans and receivables. Loans from group companies are classified as financial liabilities measured at amortised cost. Trade and other receivables Trade receivables are measured at initial recognition at fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest rate method. Appropriate allowances for estimated irrecoverable amounts are recognised in profit or loss when there is objective evidence that the asset is impaired. Significant financial difficulties of the debtor, probability that the debtor will enter bankruptcy or financial reorganisation, and default or delinquency in payments (more than 30 days overdue) are considered indicators that the trade receivable is impaired. The allowance recognised is measured as the difference between the asset s carrying amount and the present value of estimated future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate computed at initial recognition. The carrying amount of the asset is reduced through the use of an allowance account, and the amount of the loss is recognised in profit or loss within operating expenses. When a trade receivable is uncollectable, it is written off against the allowance account for trade receivables. Subsequent recoveries of amounts previously written off are credited against operating expenses in profit or loss. Trade and other receivables are classified as loans and receivables. Trade and other payables Trade payables are initially measured at fair value, and are subsequently measured at amortised cost, using the effective interest rate method Borrowing costs Borrowing costs directly attributable to the acquisition, construction, or production of qualifying assets, which are assets that necessarily take a substantial period of time to get ready for their intended use or sale are added to the cost of those assets, until such time as the assets are substantially ready for their intended use or sale. Investment income earned on the temporary investment of specific borrowings pending their expenditure on qualifying assets is deducted from the borrowing costs eligible for capitalization. All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred Government grants Government grants are not recognised until there is reasonable assurance that:.. the Company will comply with the conditions attached to them; and that the grants will be received. A government grant that becomes receivable as compensation for expenses or losses already incurred or for the purpose of giving immediate financial support to the entity with no future related cost is recongnised as income of the period in which it becomes receiveable. Government grants related to assets, including non-monetary grants at fair value, are presented in the statement of financial postion by setting up the grant as deferred income or by income or by deducting the grant in arriving at the carrying amount of the asset. The benefit of a government loan at a below market rate of interest is treated as a government grant, measured as the difference between proceeds and the fair value of the loan based on prevailing market interest rates. 15

17 3. Critical accounting judgements and key sources of estimation uncertainity In the application of the company s significant accounting policies, described in note 3, the directors are required to make judgments, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates. The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an on-going basis. Revisions to accounting estimates are recognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period, or in the period of the revision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods. 3.1 Key sources of estimation uncertainty The key assumptions concerning the future, and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are discussed below. 3.2 Useful life of property, plant and equipment The Company reviewed and revised the estimated useful lives of its property, plant and equipment on transition to IFRS on 1 January, 2011, and under IFRS, has reviewed them annually at each reporting date. Useful lives are estimated based on the engineer s report, as at each reporting date. Some of the factors considered include the current service potential of the assets, potential cost of repairs and maintenance. There is a degree of subjective judgment in such estimation which has a resultant impact on profit and total comprehensive income for the year. 3.3 Allowance for credit losses The Company periodically assesses its trade receivables for probability of credit losses. Management considers several factors including past credit record, current financial position and credibility of management, judgment is exercised in determining the allowances made for credit losses. Provisions are made for receivables that have been outstanding for 365 days, in respect of which there is no firm commitment to pay by the customer. Furthermore all balances are reviewed for evidence of impairment and provided against once recovery is doubtful. These assessments are subjective and involve a significant element of judgment by management on the ultimate recoverability of amounts receivable. 16

18 4. New Standards and Interpretations 4.1 Standards and interpretations not yet effective The company has chosen not to early adopt the following standards and interpretations, which have been published and are mandatory for the company s accounting periods beginning on or after January 1, 2019 or later periods: Amendments to IFRS 10 and IAS 28: Sale or Contribution of Assets between an Investor and its Associate or Joint Venture If a parent loses control of a subsidiary which does not contain a business, as a result of a transaction with an associate or joint venture, then the gain or loss on the loss of control is recognised in the parents' profit or loss only to the extent of the unrelated investors' interest in the associate or joint venture. The remaining gain or loss is eliminated against the carrying amount of the investment in the associate or joint venture. The same treatment is followed for the measurement to fair value of any remaining investment which is itself an associate or joint venture. If the remaining investment is accounted for in terms of IFRS 9, then the measurement to fair value of that interest is recognised in full in the parents' profit or loss. The effective date of the amendment is to be determined by the IASB. It is unlikely that the amendment will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. Insurance Contracts The IFRS establishes the principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of insurance contracts issued. The effective date of the standard is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the standard for the first time in the 2021 financial statements. It is unlikely that the standard will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. Uncertainty over Income Tax Treatments The interpretation clarifies how to apply the recognition and measurement requirements in IAS 12 when there is uncertainty over income tax treatments. Specifically, if it is probable that the tax authorities will accept the uncertain tax treatment, then all tax related items are measured according to the planned tax treatment. If it is not probable that the tax authorities will accept the uncertain tax treatment, then the tax related items are measured on the basis of probabilities to reflect the uncertainty. Changes in facts and circumstances are required to be treated as changes in estimates and applied prospectively. The effective date of the interpretation is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the interpretation for the first time in the 2019 financial statements. It is unlikely that the interpretation will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. IFRS 16 Leases FRS 16 Leases is a new standard which replaces IAS 17 Leases, and introduces a single lessee accounting model. The main changes arising from the issue of IFRS 16 which are likely to impact the company are as follows: Company as lessee: Lessees are required to recognise a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases, except short term leases or leases where the underlying asset has a low value, which are expensed on a straight line or other systematic basis. The cost of the right-of-use asset includes, where appropriate, the initial amount of the lease liability; lease payments made prior to commencement of the lease less incentives received; initial direct costs of the lessee; and an estimate for any provision for dismantling, restoration and removal related to the underlying asset. The lease liability takes into consideration, where appropriate, fixed and variable lease payments; residual value guarantees to be made by the lessee; exercise price of purchase options; and payments of penalties for terminating the lease. The right-of-use asset is subsequently measured on the cost model at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment and adjusted for any re-measurement of the lease liability. However, right-of-use assets are measured at fair value when they meet the definition of investment property and all other investment property is accounted for on the fair value model. If a right-of-use asset relates to a class of property, plant and equipment which is measured on the revaluation model, then that right-of-use asset may be measured on the revaluation model. The lease liability is subsequently increased by interest, reduced by lease payments and re-measured for reassessments or modifications. Re-measurements of lease liabilities are affected against right-of-use assets, unless the assets have been reduced to nil, in which case further adjustments are recognised in profit or loss. The lease liability is re-measured by discounting revised payments at a revised rate when there is a change in the lease term or a change in the assessment of an option to purchase the underlying asset. The lease liability is re-measured by discounting revised lease payments at the original discount rate when there is a change in the amounts expected to be paid in a residual value guarantee or when there is a change in future payments because of a change in index or rate used to determine those payments. Certain lease modifications are accounted for as separate leases. When lease modifications which decrease the scope of the lease are not required to be accounted for as separate leases, then the lessee re-measures the lease liability by decreasing the carrying amount of the right of lease asset to reflect the full or partial termination of the lease. Any gain or loss relating to the full or partial termination of the lease is recognised in profit or loss. For all other lease modifications which are not required to be accounted for as separate leases, the lessee remeasures the lease liability by making a corresponding adjustment to the right-of-use asset. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities should be presented separately from other assets and liabilities. If not, then the line item in which they are included must be disclosed. This does not apply to right-of-use assets meeting the definition of investment property which must be presented within investment property. IFRS 16 contains different disclosure requirements compared to IAS 17 leases. 17

19 IFRS 16 Leases (Continued) Company as lessor: Accounting for leases by lessors remains similar to the provisions of IAS 17 in that leases are classified as either finance leases or operating leases. Lease classification is reassessed only if there has been a modification. A modification is required to be accounted for as a separate lease if it both increases the scope of the lease by adding the right to use one or more underlying assets; and the increase in consideration is commensurate to the stand alone price of the increase in scope. If a finance lease is modified, and the modification would not qualify as a separate lease, but the lease would have been an operating lease if the modification was in effect from inception, then the modification is accounted for as a separate lease. In addition, the carrying amount of the underlying asset shall be measured as the net investment in the lease immediately before the effective date of the modification. IFRS 9 is applied to all other modifications not required to be treated as a separate lease. Modifications to operating leases are required to be accounted for as new leases from the effective date of the modification. Changes have also been made to the disclosure requirements of leases in the lessor's financial statements. Sale and leaseback transactions: In the event of a sale and leaseback transaction, the requirements of IFRS 15 are applied to consider whether a performance obligation is satisfied to determine whether the transfer of the asset is accounted for as the sale of an asset. If the transfer meets the requirements to be recognised as a sale, the seller-lessee must measure the new right-of-use asset at the proportion of the previous carrying amount of the asset that relates to the right-of-use retained. The buyer-lessor accounts for the purchase by applying applicable standards and for the lease by applying IFRS 16 If the fair value of consideration for the sale is not equal to the fair value of the asset, then IFRS 16 requires adjustments to be made to the sale proceeds. When the transfer of the asset is not a sale, then the seller-lessee continues to recognise the transferred asset and recognises a financial liability equal to the transfer proceeds. The buyer-lessor recognises a financial asset equal to the transfer proceeds. The effective date of the standard is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the standard for the first time in the 2019 financial statements. It is unlikely that the standard will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. Amendments to IAS 28: Annual Improvements to IFRS cycle An entity such as a venture capital organisation, mutual fund or similar institution may elect to measure investments in associates or joint ventures at fair value through profit or loss in accordance with IFRS 9 rather than by applying the equity method. The amendment to IAS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures now specifies that the election must be made separately per associate or joint venture and at the time of initial recognition of such investment. Further, if an entity is not an investment entity, but has interests in an associate or joint venture which is an investment entity, then the entity may retain the fair value measurement of the associate or joint venture. The amendment now provides that such election must be made separately for each investment entity associate or joint venture. The effective date of the amendment is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the amendment for the first time in the 2018 financial statements. It is unlikely that the amendment will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. Amendments to IFRS 1: Annual Improvements to IFRS cycle The amendment to IFRS 1 First Time Adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards deleted certain short term exemptions concerning disclosures of financial assets, employee benefits and investment entities from IFRS 1. The effective date of the amendment is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the amendment for the first time in the 2018 financial statements. It is unlikely that the amendment will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. Transfers of Investment Property: Amendments to IAS 40 The amendment deals specifically with circumstances under which property must be transferred to or from investment property. The amendment now requires that a change in use of property only occurs when the property first meets, or ceases to meet, the definition of investment property and that there is evidence of a change in use. The amendment specifies that a change in management's intentions for use of the property, do not, in isolation, provide evidence of a change in use. The effective date of the amendment is for years beginning on or after January 1, The company expects to adopt the amendment for the first time in the 2018 financial statements. It is unlikely that the amendment will have a material impact on the company's financial statements. 18