Risk, Capitation, and

Transcription

1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site. Copyright 2007, The Johns Hopkins University and Jonathan Weiner. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided AS IS ; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.

2 Session 3 Risk, Capitation, and Other Financial Issues in Managed Care Jonathan P. Weiner, Dr. P.H. Professor or Health Policy & Management

3 Health Care Financing and Coverage in the US 3 Population Payment Private Ins. 67% 44% Medicare Medicaid 9 14 Uninsured 14 - Out-of -Pocket - 16 Other - 10

4 Who is At Risk For Cost of Care Provision 4 30% Self-insured employers 25% For-profit MCOs - 5% Gov. contracts - 18% Empl. contracts 20% Not-for-profit MCOs/IDSs 13% For uninsured: safety net providers, government, patient 12% Government programs

5 Capitation: A Working Definition A type of health care financing where a provider is paid a fixed per-capita fee for a pre-negotiated market basket of services on behalf of an enrolled group of consumers. 5

6 6 Potential Advantages of Capitation Strong incentives for efficiency Fosters primary care and prevention Fosters population orientation

7 7 Potential Disadvantages of Capitation Could offer incentives to skimp Incentives to avoid sick consumers Individual Patient and provider choices may be limited

8 Avg % of HMO Contracts Reimbursed via Capitation by Provider Type (2005) 80% Percentage of Contracts 60% 40% 20% 0% 58.0% 39.0% 31.0% PCP Specialist Hospital Source: Aventis

9 METHODS OF PHYSICIAN REIMBURSEMENT BY HMO TYPE (2005) HMO Type FEE-FOR BONUS SALARY SERVICE PROGRAM CAPITATION IPA 4% 69% 10% 74% NETWORK Group Staff OVERALL 7% 68% 13% 74% Source: Aventis

10 How Physicians Will Be Paid Share of Practice Revenue That Will Come From Different Payment Schemes Capitation/prospective payment Performance-based mechanisms Discounted fee-for-service payment Fee-for-service payment (including Medicare) 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Source: Health & Health Care 2010: The Forecast,the Challenge. Institute For The Future, Menlo Park, CA,

11 ABC Health Plan (Simplified) Premium Rate Development Spreadsheet for 2006 Utilization Unit PMPM Co-Ins. Adjusted Cum. per 1000 Cost Cost Adjust Cost Total INPATIENT Medical/Surgical 190 $1, ICU/CCU/NNU 30 2, Maternity 45 1, Mental Health Nursery Subtotal 300 $ PRIMARY CARE Office visits 4200 $ Immunizations Other Subtotal 5840 $13.10 SPECIALTY CARE Surgeries 80 $ Medical Specialist Radiologist Lab Obstetrics Psychiatric Care DME Physical Tx Subtotal 4605 $31.70 OUTPATIENT OTHER Amb Surgery 70 $ ER Ambulance Subtotal 320 $ TOTAL MEDICAL EXPENSE Administrative / Care Management Targeted Profit/Reserve 8.00 Total Required Revenue $123.31

12 Employer Consumer Government Typical Network HMO Financial Arrangement Pharmacies or PBM HMO Pharmacy Fund Reserve Fund ** Hospital *** Institutional - Referral Fund Specialists Primary Care Fund * only if IRF surplus ** If expenses > stop loss *** if fund is overexpended 80% 20% Withhold Fund Primary Care Group Practice 6 *

13 Financial Management Definitions PMPM - Per member per month. Specifically applies to a revenue or cost for each enrolled member each month. Medical loss ratio = (Medical Expenses/Premium) IBNR - Incurred but not reported. Medical expenses about which the plan does not yet know. 13

14 14 Definitions Cont. Stop Loss: a form of reinsurance that provides protection for medical expenses above a certain limit, generally on a year-by-year basis. It may apply to an entire health plan or to a single component.

15 Risk Adjusted Capitation Payment Risk adjusters redistribute dollars among health plans based upon the expected health status of the enrolled population in each health plan. 15

16 Why Risk Adjustment is Needed % US Population 1% % of Health Care $ 30% 10% 72% 50% 97% 16

17 Why Risk Adjusted Payment is Necessary To deter plans from selecting or marketing to healthier enrollees To protect plans from being selected by a costlier than average group of enrollees To facilitate plan s attempts to specialize in treating people with certain illnesses or conditions 17

18 Methods of Risk Adjusted Payment Reinsurance thresholds Prospective capitation adjuster High cost carve-outs 18

19 Johns Hopkins ACG Risk Adjustment/ Case-Mix Methodology Adjusted Clinical Groups, formerly Ambulatory Care Groups See:

20 20

21 ACGs Lead to Fairer Payments A comparison of demographic-based and ACG-based capitation payments to actual expenditures for healthier-than-average and sicker-than-average enrollee groups showed that ACG-based payments are much closer to actual expenditures: Group Type Sicker than average Healthier than Average Source: JAMA, 10/23/96 Payment Difference from system perfect payment Demographic 5.2% underpayment ACG 0.7% overpayment Demographic 7.9% overpayment ACG 0.6% underpayment 21

22 22 Other Non-Payment Applications of Risk Adjustment Adjusting Performance (quality and efficiency) Profiles Predictive Modeling to identify high risk cases for Care / Disease Management Control and Stratification for Analysis, Evaluation, & Research