Abbreviations and Citations...xix. Part I Historical Background...5

Transcription

1 Table of Contents Abbreviations and Citations...xix 1 Introduction...1 Part I Historical Background Limitation of Liability and Wilful Misconduct...5 A. Unlimited Liability...6 I. General Principle...6 II. Exceptions...6 B. Limited Liability in Transport Law...7 I. Historical Development Carriage by sea...7 a) First appearance...7 b) England Carriage by land...11 II. Motives behind the Limitation of Liability General...11 a) Protection of an industry...11 b) Joint adventure...14 c) High value cargo...15 d) Insurance...16 aa) Liability insurance...16 (1) Insurance premiums...16 (2) Freight rates...17 bb) Cargo insurance or personal insurance...19 e) Liability regime...20 aa) Balance of different interests...20 bb) Loss prevention...21 f) Unification of law...22 g) Litigation Carriage by air...24 C. Wilful Misconduct and Breaking the Limits Roots of Wilful Misconduct...27 A. Criminal Liability under Admiralty Law...27

2 xii Table of Contents I. Merchant Shipping Act, II. Cases and Wilful Fault Cases a) Bradshaw v. Ewart-James (The N.F. Tiger ) b) Taylor v. O Keefe (The Nordic Clansman ) Meaning of the term B. Private Law I. Carriage by Rail Cases a) Glenister v. Great Western Railway Company b) Lewis v. GWR c) Haynes v. GWR d) Gordon v. GWR e) Forder v. GWR f) Bastable v. North British Railway Company Meaning II. Marine Insurance Act, (2)(a) Basic principles a) Provision b) Risk-related principles Case law and wilful misconduct a) Cases aa) Hull insurance bb) P&I insurance b) Meaning Wilful misconduct v. negligence III. Causation Carriage by rail Marine insurance IV. Burden and Standard of Proof Burden of proof a) Carriage by rail b) Marine insurance Standard of proof Part II Wilful Misconduct in Transport Law First Time in an International Transport Convention: Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air, A. Article I. Historical Background Degree of fault English version Outcome Result... 53

3 Table of Contents xiii 5. Inaccurate translation...56 II. Article 25 in Practice Approach by civil law...58 a) Carriage of passengers...59 b) Carriage of cargo Approach by common law...62 a) Carriage of passengers...69 aa) Passengers...69 bb) Luggage...73 b) Carriage of cargo Result...76 B. The Hague Protocol, I. Modification of Article Reason for modification New wording...79 a) Legislative history...79 b) Comments on the new wording...82 c) Components...84 aa) Intent to cause damage...84 bb) Act or omission done recklessly and with knowledge that damage would probably result...86 (1) Recklessness...86 (a) Degree of fault...86 (b) Aviation context...87 (2) Knowledge...90 (a) Knowledge as to the consequences...90 (b) Knowledge as to the probability...92 (c) Damage...94 cc) Result...96 II. Cases on Article 25 as amended by the Hague Protocol Civil law...97 a) Carriage of passengers...98 aa) Passengers...98 bb) Luggage...99 b) Carriage of cargo c) Assessment Common law a) Carriage of passengers b) Carriage of cargo c) Assessment Result C. The Present Regime I. Liability and the Limitation of Liability II. Loss of the Right to Limit D. Servants and Agents...111

4 xiv Table of Contents I. Liability Vicarious liability Criterion Limitation of liability and breaking the limits II. Scope of Employment Term Theft Carriage by Sea A. Carriage of Goods and Passengers I. Carriage of Goods Hague Rules as amended by the Visby Protocol a) Hague Rules and limitation of liability b) Visby Protocol and breaking the limits aa) Historical background bb) Similarities and differences in the wording (1) The carrier (2) Damage c) Particulars aa) Geographical deviation bb) Carriage on deck cc) Unseaworthiness d) Actual fault or privity e) Inadequate organisational structure (Organisationsverschulden) Hamburg Rules a) Liability and limitation of liability b) Loss of the right to limit aa) Historical background bb) Differences in the wording (1) Carrier and actual carrier (2) Loss, damage or delay (3) Carriage on deck Rotterdam Rules a) General remarks on the liability regime b) Loss of the right to limit II. Carriage of Passengers Athens Convention Liability and limitation Loss of the right to limit a) Link between Art. 3 and Art b) Carrier and performing carrier c) Damage B. Pollution Conventions I. Strict Liability II. Right to Limit Liability III. Loss of the Right to Limit

5 Table of Contents xv 1. CLC and HNS Bunker Convention C. Global Limitation I. Main Features II. Breaking the Limits Brussels Convention London Convention a) Preliminary b) Loss of the right to limit aa) Historical background bb) Almost unbreakable limits (1) Personal fault (2) Such loss D. Persons I. Owner Registered owner Disponent owner II. Manager or Operator III. Charterer Voyage charterer Time charterer Slot charterer IV. Carrier Contractual carrier Actual or performing carrier a) Definitions b) Bill of lading contract? c) Identity of carrier and demise clauses V. Salvor VI. Servant and Agent Vicarious liability Personal liability and limitation a) Hague Rules b) Other conventions Loss of the right to limit a) Principle b) Theft and scope of employment c) Breaking the channelling VII. Liability Insurer E. Corporate Liability and Attribution I. Attribution Company s bodies The identification doctrine a) The doctrine b) The Meridian rule c) Examples from carriage by sea...210

6 xvi Table of Contents d) Result II. ISM Code The code Impacts a) Generally b) On the attribution Conventions on Other Means of Transportation A. Conventions I. Carriage by Road II. Carriage by Rail III. Carriage by Inland Waterways IV. Multimodal Transport B. Loss of the Right to Limit I. Carrier Wilful misconduct or equivalent fault a) Scope of application aa) General bb) Time limitation b) Approach by civil law aa) Interpretation bb) Examples c) Approach by common law Wilful misconduct or gross negligence Definition of wilful misconduct a) COTIF b) CMNI c) CLNI d) Multimodal Transport Convention II. Servant or Agent Definition and vicarious liability Right to limit Loss of the right to limit Part III Proof & Concept of Fault Causation and Proof A. Causal Connection I. Connection II. Condition sine qua non III. Proximate Cause IV. Intervening and Concurrent Causes B. Proof I. Burden Wording of the conventions Proof of criteria

7 Table of Contents xvii II. Standard General rule Specific principles a) Procedural cooperation duty b) Res ipsa loquitur III. Result Degrees of Fault and Wilful Misconduct A. Wilful Misconduct under Common Law I. Intention Direct (purposive) intention Oblique intention II. Recklessness Subjective (advertent) recklessness Objective (inadvertent) recklessness III. Negligence Definition Degrees of negligence Negligence and wilful misconduct B. Wilful Misconduct under Civil Law I. Negligence (culpa, Fahrlässigkeit, ihmal) Slight negligence (culpa levis, einfache Fahrlässigkeit, hafif ihmal) Gross negligence (culpa lata, grobe Fahrlässigkeit, a r ihmal) a) Definition b) Gross negligence and wilful misconduct c) Advertent and inadvertent gross negligence aa) Inadvertent gross negligence bb) Advertent gross negligence Leichtfertigkeit II. Intentional Wrongdoing (dolus, Vorsatz, kas t) Direct intention (dolus directus, Absicht/direkter Vorsatz, do rudan kas t) Dolus eventualis (bedingter Vorsatz, dolayl kas t) a) Definition b) Difference from other fault concepts c) Wilful misconduct a degree of fault between dolus eventualis and advertent (gross) negligence? d) Dolus eventualis and wilful misconduct aa) Argument against bb) Argument in favour cc) Result Conclusion Bibliography...295

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