Chapter 14. Introduction. Learning Objectives. Deficit Spending and The Public Debt. Explain how federal government budget deficits occur
|
|
- Janel Bishop
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 14 Deficit Spending and The Public Debt Introduction In adopting the euro, European nations agreed to abide by the Stability and Growth Pact. The pact called for limitations on government spending over tax collections to be no more than 3% of GDP yet many European governments have since changed their tune. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Learning Objectives Explain how federal government budget deficits occur Define the public debt and understand alternative measures of the public debt Evaluate circumstances under which the public debt could be a burden to future generations Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
2 Learning Objectives (cont'd) Discuss why the federal budget deficit might be measured incorrectly Analyze the macroeconomic effects of government budget deficits Describe possible ways to reduce the government budget deficit Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Chapter Outline Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks Government Finance: Spending More than Tax Collections Evaluating the Rising Public Debt Federal Budget Deficits in an Open Economy Growing U.S. Government Deficits: Implications for U.S. Economic Performance Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Did You Know That... Throughout the rest of this decade, the U.S. federal government expects to run annual budget deficits? The relationship between budget deficits and macroeconomic performance is somewhat elusive? Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
3 Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks Government Budget Deficit Exists if the government spends more than it receives in taxes during a given period of time Is financed by the selling of government securities (bonds) Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks (cont'd) The federal deficit is a flow variable, one defined for a specific period of time, usually one year. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks (cont'd) If spending equals receipts, the budget is balanced. If receipts exceed spending, the government is running a budget surplus. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
4 Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks (cont'd) Balanced Budget A situation in which the government s spending is exactly equal to the total taxes and revenues it collects during a given period of time Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks (cont'd) Government Budget Surplus An excess of government revenues over government spending during a given period of time Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Public Deficits and Debts: Flows versus Stocks (cont'd) Public Debt A stock variable The total value of all outstanding government securities Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
5 Government Finance: Spending More than Tax Collections Since 1940, the U.S. federal government has operated with a budget surplus in 13 years. In all other years, the shortfall of tax revenues below expenditures has been financed with borrowing. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Figure 14-1 Federal Budget Deficits and Surpluses Since 1940 Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Figure 14-2 The Federal Budget Deficit Expressed as a Percentage of GDP Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
6 Government Finance: Spending More than Tax Collections (cont'd) The resurgence of federal government deficits Question Why has the government s budget recently slipped from a surplus of 2.5% of GDP into a deficit? Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Policy Example: Explaining a $109 Billion Deficit Projection Turnaround Why was the government s 2005 deficit projection off by $109 billion? Federal tax revenues turned out to be more than 15% higher in Economic growth caused taxable incomes, hence revenues, to be much higher than anticipated. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt Gross Public Debt All federal government debt irrespective of who owns it Net Public Debt Gross public debt minus all government interagency borrowing Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
7 Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) Some government bonds are held by government agencies. In this case, the funds are owed from one branch of the federal government to another. To arrive at the net public debt, we subtract interagency borrowings from the gross public debt. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) Tax revenues tend to be stagnant during times of slow economic growth. Tax revenues grow more quickly when overall growth enhances incomes. As long as spending exceeds revenues, the budget deficit will persist. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Table 14-1 The Federal Deficit, Our Public Debt, and the Interest We Pay on It Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
8 Figure 14-3 Net U.S. Public Debt as a Percentage of GDP Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Net U.S. Public Debt as a Percentage of GDP During World War II, the net public debt grew dramatically. After the war It fell until the 1970s Started rising in the 1980s Declined once more in the 1990s And recently has been increasing again Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) The government must pay interest on the public debt outstanding. The level of these payments depends on the market interest rate. Interest payments as a percentage of GDP are likely to rise in the future. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
9 Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) As more of the public debt is held by foreigners, the amount of interest to be paid outside the United States increases. Foreign residents, businesses and governments hold nearly 50% of the net public debt. Thus, we do not owe the debt just to ourselves. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) If the economy is already at full employment, then further provision of government goods will crowd out some private goods. Deficit spending may raise interest rates, which in turn will discourage capital formation in the private sector. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) Crowding-out may place a burden on future generations. Increased present consumption may crowd out investment and reduce the growth of capital goods which could reduce a future generation s wealth. Taxes may have to be increased; imposing higher taxes on future generations in order to retire the debt. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
10 Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) Paying off the public debt in the future If the debt becomes larger, each person s share would increase. Taxes would be levied, and may not be assessed equally. A special tax could be levied based on a person s ability to pay. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) Our debt to foreign residents We do not owe all the debt to ourselves. Future U.S. residents will be taxed to repay principal and interest. Portions of U.S. incomes will be transferred abroad. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Evaluating the Rising Public Debt (cont'd) If deficits lead to slower growth rates future generations will be poorer. Both present and future generations will be economically better off if Government expenditures are really investments The rate of return on such public investments exceeds the interest rate paid on the bonds Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
11 International Example: Where Are Most Treasury Securities Held Abroad? More than $2 trillion in U.S. Treasury securities of the $5 trillion in net outstanding debt is held outside the United States. Japan accounts for more than one-third of all foreign holdings of the U.S. net public debt. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Figure 14-4 The Distribution of Foreign Holdings of U.S. Treasury Securities Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved International Example: Where Are Most Treasury Securities Held Abroad? (cont'd) For critical analysis: Why might the fact that market interest rates in Japan have hovered very close to 0% during the 2000s help explain relatively large holdings of U.S. Treasury securities by residents of that country? Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
12 Federal Budget Deficits in an Open Economy Question Is there a connection between the U.S. trade deficit and the federal government budget deficit? Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Federal Budget Deficits in an Open Economy (cont'd) We know what a budget deficit is, but a trade deficit exists when the value of imports exceeds the value of exports. Some say it appears that there is a relationship between trade and budget deficits; at least there is a statistical correlation between the two. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Figure 14-5 The Related U.S. Deficits Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
13 Federal Budget Deficits in an Open Economy (cont'd) As the government borrows funds to finance the deficit, and domestic private consumption does not decrease, then some of these funds will be borrowed from foreigners. The interest rate paid on bonds will need to be high enough to attract foreign investors. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Federal Budget Deficits in an Open Economy (cont'd) If foreigners are using the dollars they hold to buy U.S. government bonds, then they will have fewer dollars to spend on U.S. exports. This shows that a U.S. budget deficit can contribute to a trade deficit. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Economic Performance Which government deficit is the true deficit? The government may report distorted measures of its own budget. Government has not adopted a business-like approach to tracking its expenditures and receipts. Official government measures yield lowest possible deficits and highest reported surpluses. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
14 Growing U.S. Government An operating budget includes current outlays for on-going expenses, such as salaries and interest payments. A capital budget, includes expenditures on investment items, such as machines, buildings, roads, and dams. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Capital budgeting theory For years, many economists have recommended Congress create a capital budget and remove investment outlays from the operating budget. Opponents point out this would allow the government to grow even faster than at present. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Even without a distinction drawn between the capital and operating budgets, there is a discrepancy about the true government deficit measure. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
15 Growing U.S. Government Pick a deficit, any deficit: deficit estimates are produced both by The Office of Management and Budget The Congressional Budget Office They have different names Baseline deficit Policy deficit On-budget deficit Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government There is also some disagreement as to whether the Social Security surplus should be used to reduce current deficit numbers. So keep in mind that any one specific deficit measure you hear is based on a definition and a set of assumptions with which others may disagree. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Question How do higher deficits affect the economy in the short run? Answers If the economy is below full-employment, the deficit can close the recessionary gap. If the economy is already at full-employment, the deficit can create an inflationary gap. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
16 Growing U.S. Government In the long run, higher government budget deficits have no effect on equilibrium real GDP. Ultimately, spending in excess of receipts redistributes a larger share of real GDP to government-provided goods and services. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Thus, if the government operates with higher deficits over an extended period The ultimate result is a shrinkage in the share of privately produced goods and services By continually spending more than it collects, the government takes up a larger portion of economic activity. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government How could the government reduce all its red ink? Increasing taxes for everyone Taxing only the rich Reducing expenditures Whittling away at entitlements Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
17 Policy Example: How Rich Taxpayers Avoid Part of a Tax-Rate Increase Many have proposed raising taxes on the highest-income earners. Just like everyone else high-income individuals respond to incentives. The richest tax payers could use deferred compensation plans. These individuals would shift income earned in current years to future years. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Policy Example: How Rich Taxpayers Avoid Part of a Tax-Rate Increase (cont'd) Government estimates show increasing the top bracket from 35% to 39.6% would reduce total taxable income by at least 4%. Projections show the increase would give the highest income taxpayers a greater incentive to incorporate and pay lower corporate-profit tax rates. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Policy Example: How Rich Taxpayers Avoid Part of a Tax-Rate Increase (cont'd) Thus, raising the income tax rate by 4.6 percentage points would result in less than a 4.6% increase in government tax collections. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
18 Growing U.S. Government In considering how expenditures might be reduced, it is important to look at entitlements. These are federal government payments that are legislated obligations and cannot be reduced or eliminated. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Entitlements Guaranteed benefits under a government program such as Social Security, Medicare, or Medicaid Noncontrollable Expenditures Government spending that changes automatically without action by Congress Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Figure 14-6 Components of Federal Expenditures as Percentages of Total Federal Spending Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
19 Growing U.S. Government Entitlements are the largest component of the U.S. federal budget. To make a significant cut in expenditures, entitlement programs would have to be revised. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Growing U.S. Government Question What are the political costs of reducing entitlement payments for Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid? Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Issues and Applications: Budget Deficit Rules Made to Be Broken? Under the Stability and Growth Pact each EU member nation agreed on net public debt and annual budget deficit percentages. Net public debt as a percentage of GDP should be no higher than 60%, with the annual budget deficit no higher than 3% of GDP. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
20 Issues and Applications: Budget Deficit Rules Made to Be Broken? (cont'd) All EU nations satisfied the 60% constraint on net public debt as a proportion of GDP. Several EU countries failed to satisfy the 3% limitation on the ratio of the budget deficit to GDP. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Issues and Applications: Budget Deficit Rules Made to Be Broken? (cont'd) During the 2000s, many nations were experiencing deficits in excess of 3% of GDP as economies slowed, entitlements grew, and tax revenues were stagnant. Several governments that violated the 3% limit did so hoping expansionary fiscal policies would boost aggregate demand and prevent recessions. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives Federal government budget deficits Whenever the flow of government expenditures exceeds the flow of government revenues a budget deficit occurs. The public debt Total value of all government bonds outstanding The federal budget deficit is a flow, whereas accumulated deficits are a stock, called the public debt. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
21 Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives (cont'd) How the public debt might prove a burden to future generations Higher taxes will reduce private consumption. Crowding out might reduce economic growth. Why the federal budget deficit might be incorrectly measured No distinction between capital expenses and operating expenses Each estimate is based on a set of assumptions. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives (cont'd) The macroeconomic effects of government budget deficits Because higher government deficits are caused by increased government spending or tax cuts, they contribute to a short-run rise in total planned expenditures and aggregate demand. In the long run, increased deficits only redistribute resources from the private sector to the public sector. Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved Summary Discussion of Learning Objectives (cont'd) Possible ways to reduce the government budget deficit Increase taxes Reduce expenditures by revising the terms of entitlement programs Copyright 2008 Pearson Addison Wesley. All rights reserved
22 End of Chapter 14 Deficit Spending and The Public Debt 22
Chapter 14 Deficit Spending and the Public Debt
Chapter 14 Deficit Spending and the Public Debt Learning Objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to 1. define government budget deficits and surpluses, a balanced budget, the
More informationObjectives for Class 26: Fiscal Policy
1 Objectives for Class 26: Fiscal Policy At the end of Class 26, you will be able to answer the following: 1. How is the government purchases multiplier calculated? (Review) How is the taxation multiplier
More informationFIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS*
Chapter 4 A FIRST LOOK AT MACROECONOMICS* Key Concepts Origins and Issues of Macroeconomics Modern macroeconomics began during the Great Depression, 1929 1939. The Great Depression was a decade of high
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 13. Fiscal Policy
Chapter 13 Fiscal Policy Introduction Government expenditures on health care services have grown significantly since federal and state government began covering payments for various types of health-related
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Chapter 13. Fiscal Policy
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 13 Fiscal Policy All rights reserved. Introduction Government expenditures on health care services have grown significantly since federal and state government
More informationFISCAL POLICY* Chapt er. Key Concepts
Chapt er 13 FISCAL POLICY* Key Concepts The Federal Budget The federal budget is an annual statement of the government s outlays and receipts. Using the federal budget to achieve macroeconomic objectives
More informationChapter 6. Introduction. Learning Objectives. Funding the Public Sector. Distinguish between average tax rates and marginal tax rates
Chapter 6 Funding the Public Sector Introduction Do you think that so-called private accounts could help save the Social Security system? Is the Social Security system really in trouble? Copyright 2008
More informationFISCAL POLICY* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 15 FISCAL POLICY* Key Concepts The Federal Budget The federal budget is an annual statement of the government s expenditures and tax revenues. Using the federal budget to achieve macroeconomic
More information1. When the Federal government uses taxation and spending actions to stimulate the economy it is conducting:
1. When the Federal government uses taxation and spending actions to stimulate the economy it is conducting: A. Fiscal policy B. Incomes policy C. Monetary policy D. Employment policy 2. When the Federal
More informationMacroeconomics in an Open Economy
Chapter 17 (29) Macroeconomics in an Open Economy Chapter Summary Nearly all economies are open economies that trade with and invest in other economies. A closed economy has no interactions in trade or
More informationSetting the Annual Budget
14 Fiscal Policy Introduction The 2000s have been a decade of fiscal policy: The Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 cost $152 billion. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 was a $789 billion package
More informationDetermining the Quantity Demanded of an Asset
Determining the Quantity Demanded of an Asset Wealth the total resources owned by the individual, including all assets Expected Return the return expected over the next period on one asset relative to
More informationECON Drexel University Winter 2009 Assignment 4. Due date: Mar. 11, 2008
ECON 202-005 Drexel University Winter 2009 Assignment 4 Due date: Mar. 11, 2008 Instructor: Yuan Yuan Name This homework has up to 5 points bonus. Question 1 (40 points, 2 points each): MULTIPLE CHOICE.
More informationEconomics 1012A: Introduction to Macroeconomics FALL 2007 Dr. R. E. Mueller Third Midterm Examination November 15, 2007
Economics 1012A: Introduction to Macroeconomics FALL 2007 Dr. R. E. Mueller Third Midterm Examination November 15, 2007 Answer all of the following questions by selecting the most appropriate answer on
More informationchapter: Solution Fiscal Policy
S169-S182_Krug2e_Macro_PS_Ch13.qxp 2/25/09 8:02 PM Page S-169 Fiscal Policy chapter: 29 13 ECONOMICS MACROECONOMICS 1. The accompanying diagram shows the current macroeconomic situation for the economy
More information7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Chapter. Key Concepts
Chapter 7 AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND* Key Concepts Aggregate Supply The aggregate production function shows that the quantity of real GDP (Y ) supplied depends on the quantity of labor (L ),
More information10. Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget
10. Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget 1 The Government Budget The government s budget is affected by: Government spending (outlay) Tax revenue (income) 2 Government Spending Major components of government
More informationThe Congress, the President, and the Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending
The Congress, the President, and the Budget: The Politics of Taxing and Spending National Debt, Budget Deficits and Surpluses How much money the government owes. http://zfacts.com/p/461.html Deficit: expenditures
More informationObjectives AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY
AGGREGATE DEMAND 7 AND CHAPTER AGGREGATE SUPPLY Objectives After studying this chapter, you will able to Explain what determines aggregate supply Explain what determines aggregate demand Explain macroeconomic
More informationRyerson University Department of Economics ECN 204 MidtermTwo W12. Name: Student No:
Ryerson University Department of Economics ECN 204 MidtermTwo W12 Instructor: Prof. T.Barbiero Duration: 50 Minutes Name: Student No: Choose the BEST answer and recorded it on both your scanner sheet and
More informationDeficits and Debt: Economic Effects and Other Issues
Deficits and Debt: Economic Effects and Other Issues Grant A. Driessen Analyst in Public Finance November 21, 2017 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44383 Summary The federal government
More information15 th. edition Gwartney Stroup Sobel Macpherson. First page. edition Gwartney Stroup Sobel Macpherson
Alternative Views of Fiscal Policy An Overview GWARTNEY STROUP SOBEL MACPHERSON Fiscal Policy, Incentives, and Secondary Effects Full Length Text Part: 3 Macro Only Text Part: 3 Chapter: 12 Chapter: 12
More informationAQA Economics A-level
AQA Economics A-level Macroeconomics Topic 5: Fiscal and Supply Side Policies 5.1 Fiscal policy Notes Fiscal policy involves the manipulation of government spending, taxation and the budget balance. It
More informationPrinciple of Macroeconomics, Summer B Practice Exam
Principle of Macroeconomics, Summer B 2017 Practice Exam 1) If real GDP in a small country in 2015 is $8 billion and real GDP in the same country in 2016 is $8.3 billion, the growth rate of real GDP between
More informationReport Documentation Page Form Approved OMB No Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per re
Testimony The Budget and Economic Outlook: 214 to 224 Douglas W. Elmendorf Director Before the Committee on the Budget U.S. House of Representatives February 5, 214 This document is embargoed until it
More informationPub. No. 3205
A REPORT The Cyclically Adjusted and Standardized Budget Measures October 2008 CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE SECOND AND D STREETS, S.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20515 Pub. No. 3205 A R REPORT The Cyclically Adjusted
More information23/03/2012. Government Budgets
In 2007, the federal government spent 15 cents of each dollar Canadians earned and collected 16 cents of each dollar earned in taxes. So the government planned a surplus of 1 cent on every dollar earned.
More informationChapter 4: A First Look at Macroeconomics
Chapter 4: A First Look at Macroeconomics Principles of Macroeconomics I. Economics as a Social Science A. Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments,
More informationThe Circular Flow Model
Objectives for Class 24 The Circular Flow Model At the end of Class 24, you will be able to answer the following: 1. Explain the basic circular flow model. 2. Define "consumption" and "saving" 3. Explain
More informationCONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO. The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2012 to 2022 4 2 0-2 -4-6 -8-10 Actual Deficits or Surpluses (Percentage of GDP) s Baseline Projection
More informationNotes Numbers in the text and tables may not add up to totals because of rounding. Unless otherwise indicated, years referred to in describing the bud
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Budget and Economic Outlook: 4 to 4 Percentage of GDP 4 Surpluses Actual Projected - -4-6 Average Deficit, 974 to Deficits -8-974 979 984 989
More informationPractice Problems 30-32
Practice Problems 30-32 1. The budget balance is calculated as: A. T G TR B. T + G TR C. T G + TR D. T + G + TR E. TR T G 2. The government budget balance equals: A. Taxes + Government purchases + Government
More informationNotes Unless otherwise indicated, the years referred to in describing budget numbers are fiscal years, which run from October 1 to September 30 and ar
Budgetary and Economic Outcomes Under Paths for Federal Revenues and Noninterest Spending Specified by Chairman Price, March 2016 March 2016 CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES Notes Unless otherwise indicated,
More informationEconomics: Canada in the Global Environment, 7e (Parkin) Chapter 29 Fiscal Policy Government Budgets
Economics: Canada in the Global Environment, 7e (Parkin) Chapter 29 Fiscal Policy 29.1 Government Budgets 1) If revenues exceed outlays, the government's budget balance is, and the government has a budget.
More informationChapter 15. Government Spending and its Financing Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved
Chapter 15 Government Spending and its Financing Chapter Outline The Government Budget: Some Facts and Figures Government Spending, Taxes, and the Macroeconomy Government Deficits and Debt Deficits and
More informationChapter 13 Fiscal Policy
Chapter 13 Fiscal Policy Learning Objectives After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to 1. define fiscal policy, direct expenditure offsets, automatic or built-in stabilizers, crowding
More informationGovernment Budget and Fiscal Policy CHAPTER
Government Budget and Fiscal Policy 11 CHAPTER The National Budget The national budget is the annual statement of the government s expenditures and tax revenues. Fiscal policy is the use of the national
More informationAutomatic Stabilizers
Automatic Stabilizers By: OpenStaxCollege The millions of unemployed in 2008 2009 could collect unemployment insurance benefits to replace some of their salaries. Federal fiscal policies include discretionary
More informationThe Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit
Brian W. Cashell Specialist in Macroeconomic Policy February 2, 2010 Congressional Research Service CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL31235 Summary
More informationThe U.S. Economy After the Great Recession: America s Deleveraging and Recovery Experience
The U.S. Economy After the Great Recession: America s Deleveraging and Recovery Experience Sherle R. Schwenninger and Samuel Sherraden Economic Growth Program March 2014 Introduction The bursting of the
More informationMACROECONOMICS - CLUTCH CH FISCAL POLICY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: INTRODUCTION TO FISCAL POLICY Fiscal Policy involves setting the level of and by Focus specifically on spending and taxes of government > Government spending is an important
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Chapter 13. Fiscal Policy
Chapter 13 Introduction Countries belonging to the European Monetary Union have agreed to follow a path of fiscal discipline, keeping government spending in line with tax receipts. Under what conditions
More informationDeficits and Debt: Economic Effects and Other Issues
Deficits and Debt: Economic Effects and Other Issues Grant A. Driessen Analyst in Public Finance February 17, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44383 Summary The federal government
More informationWasn't Texas supposed to be thriving even as the rest of America suffered? Didn't its governor declare, during his re-election campaign, that we have
Wasn't Texas supposed to be thriving even as the rest of America suffered? Didn't its governor declare, during his re-election campaign, that we have billions in surplus? But reality has now intruded and
More informationDeficits and Debt Screen shot from 3/11/16
Deficits and Debt Screen shot from 3/11/16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Colander, Economics 1 Last year Screen shot from 3/21/15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Colander, Economics 2 FISCAL POLICY McGraw-Hill/Irwin Colander, Economics
More informationFiscal Policy. Changes in federal taxes and purchases
Fiscal Policy Changes in federal taxes and purchases Where does the government spend its money? Federal Government Spending, 2010 Fiscal Policy An Overview of Government Spending and Taxes The Federal
More informationChapter 6 ECONOMIC GROWTH. World Economic Growth. In this chapter-
Chapter 6 ECONOMIC GROWTH In this chapter- Define and calculate the growth rate and explain the implications of sustained growth in economic activity Briefly describe the economic growth trends in the
More informationQuestions and Answers. Intermediate Macroeconomics. Second Year
Questions and Answers Intermediate Macroeconomics Second Year Chapter2 Q1: MCQ 1) If the quantity of money increases, the A) price level rises and the AD curve does not shift. B) AD curve shifts leftward
More informationRecaping the effects of both Fiscal policy and Monetary policy in the long run
Recaping the effects of both Fiscal policy and Monetary policy in the long run When the government ran a record surplus in 2000, many regarded it as a cause for celebration. Conversely, people usually
More informationSAVING, INVESTMENT, AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM
13 SAVING, INVESTMENT, AND THE FINANCIAL SYSTEM LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: some of the important financial institutions in the U.S. economy. how the financial
More informationINCREASING THE RATE OF CAPITAL FORMATION (Investment Policy Report)
policies can increase our supply of goods and services, improve our efficiency in using the Nation's human resources, and help people lead more satisfying lives. INCREASING THE RATE OF CAPITAL FORMATION
More informationDeficit Day to Bankruptcy Day
Deficit Day to Bankruptcy Day April 2014 copies of this presentation can be found at Jan 1 Dec 31 Deficit Day! How much government spending do people fund with their tax dollars? Top 1% 56 days 2% to 5%
More informationWhat Is Fiscal Policy?
Fiscal Policy What Is Fiscal Policy? Fiscal policy is the federal government s use of taxing and spending to keep the economy stable. The tremendous flow of cash into and out of the economy due to government
More informationLecture 14 and 15: Budget Deficits, Surpluses, and the Public Debt Reference Chapter 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Lecture 14 and 15: Budget Deficits, Surpluses, and the Public Debt Reference Chapter 10 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1. The definitions of budget surplus, budget deficit, the public debt, and the diverse budget
More informationThe Federal Budget: Sources of the Movement from Surplus to Deficit
Order Code RS22550 Updated November 8, 2007 Summary The Federal Budget: Sources of the Movement from Surplus to Deficit Marc Labonte Specialist in Macroeconomics Government and Finance Division The federal
More informationParkin/Bade, Economics: Canada in the Global Environment, 8e
Chapter 29 Fiscal Policy Decent chapter some stuff is easy, some stuff isn t. probably a good idea to review this one as well later 29.1 The Federal Budget 1) If revenues exceed outlays, the government's
More informationTools of Budget Analysis (Chapter 4 in Gruber s textbook) 131 Undergraduate Public Economics Emmanuel Saez UC Berkeley
Tools of Budget Analysis (Chapter 4 in Gruber s textbook) 131 Undergraduate Public Economics Emmanuel Saez UC Berkeley 1 GOVERNMENT BUDGETING Debt: The amount borrowed by government through bonds to individuals,
More informationCurrent Economic Conditions and Selected Forecasts
Order Code RL30329 Current Economic Conditions and Selected Forecasts Updated May 20, 2008 Gail E. Makinen Economic Policy Consultant Government and Finance Division Current Economic Conditions and Selected
More informationSyllabus item: 113 Weight: 3
Macroeconomics - 2.4 Fiscal policy Syllabus item: 113 Weight: 3 113. Sources of government revenue IB Question Explain that the government earns revenue primarily from taxes (direct and indirect), as well
More informationMacroeconomics, Spring 2007, Final Exam, several versions, Early May
Name: _ Days/Times Class Meets: Today s Date: Macroeconomics, Spring 2007, Final Exam, several versions, Early May Read these Instructions carefully! You must follow them exactly! I) On your Scantron card
More informationEconomic Policy. Jacob Dean, Alan Avilez
Economic Policy Jacob Dean, Alan Avilez Basics - Economy is complex - Economic Theories - Market Economy - Supply / Demand - Capitalist economy ~ Market economy Laissez-Faire Economics - Absence of government
More informationLecture 7. Fiscal Policy
Lecture 7 Fiscal Policy The role of government spending and taxes Fiscal policy: government spending and tax policy AD = C + II + G What if G changes? What is the effect on Y? How large is (government)
More informationLearning Objectives. Chapter 6. Funding the Public Sector. Introduction
Copyright 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 6 Funding the Public Sector All rights reserved. Introduction In recent years, various U.S. politicians and pundits have called for boosts in tax rates
More informationCH 31 sample questions
Class: Date: CH 31 sample questions Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The federal budget is defined as a. a monthly statement of expenditure
More informationEdexcel (A) Economics A-level
Edexcel (A) Economics A-level Theme 4: A Global Perspective 4.5 Role of the State in the Macroeconomy 4.5.2 Taxation Notes Progressive, proportional and regressive taxes A proportional tax has a fixed
More informationIntroduction. Learning Objectives. Learning Objectives. Economics Today Twelfth Edition. Chapter 6 Taxes, Transfers, and Public Spending
Roger LeRoy Miller Economics Today Twelfth Edition Chapter 6 Taxes, Transfers, and Public Spending Introduction Educational vouchers allow parents and students to choose among different primary and secondary
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND
20 THE INFLUENCE OF MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICY ON AGGREGATE DEMAND LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: the theory of liquidity preference as a short-run theory
More informationmacro macroeconomics Government Debt (chapter 15) N. Gregory Mankiw
macro Topic 14: (chapter 15) macroeconomics fifth edition N. Gregory Mankiw PowerPoint Slides by Ron Cronovich 2002 Worth Publishers, all rights reserved In this chapter you will learn about the size of
More informationCONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO The Budget and Economic Outlook: 2016 to 2026 Percentage of GDP 100 Actual Projected 80
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Budget and Economic Outlook: 6 to 6 Percentage of GDP Actual Projected 8 In s projections, growing 6 deficits drive up debt over the next decade,
More informationFiscal Policy: Government Spending &Taxation
Lecture Notes for Chapter 1 of Macroeconomics: An Introduction Fiscal Policy: Government Spending &Taxation Copyright 1999-28 by Charles R. Nelson 2/28/8 In this chapter we will discuss - What is Fiscal
More information2. Suppose a family s annual disposable income is $8000 of which it saves $2000. (a) What is their APC?
REVIEW Chapters 10 and 13 Fiscal Policy 1. Complete the following table assuming that (a) MPS = 1/5, (b) there is no government and (c) all saving is personal saving. Level of output and income Consumption
More informationWikiLeaks Document Release
WikiLeaks Document Release February 2, 2009 Congressional Research Service Report RS22550 The Federal Budget: Sources of the Movement from Surplus to Deficit Marc Labonte, Government and Finance Division
More informationUse the following to answer question 15: AE0 AE1. Real expenditures. Real income. Page 3
Chapter 10 1. An example of an autonomous consumption policy is a policy that A) lowers tax rates to stimulate additional consumer spending. B) makes credit more widely available to consumers in order
More informationExam Number. Section
Exam Number Section MACROECONOMICS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY Core Course ANSWER KEY Final Exam March 1, 2010 Note: These are only suggested answers. You may have received partial or full credit for your answers
More informationProductivity Simulation 100. Productivity Simulation Presentation Reflection 30. Upcoming Activities/Announcements
Name: Period: Week: 34 36 Dates: 4/13 4/27 Unit: Measuring Economic Performance Chapters: 12 & 15 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday 13 O *Vocabulary *Chapter 12.1 *GDP 14 E 15 O *Chapter 12.2 *Aggregate
More informationThe U.S. Current Account Balance and the Business Cycle
The U.S. Current Account Balance and the Business Cycle Prepared for: Macroeconomic Theory American University Prof. R. Blecker Author: Brian Dew brianwdew@gmail.com November 19, 2015 November 19, 2015
More informationA Dynamic Analysis of President Obama s Tax Initiatives
FISCAL FACT Mar. 2015 No. 455 A Dynamic Analysis of President Obama s Tax Initiatives By Stephen J. Entin Senior Fellow Executive Summary President Obama proposed a long list of changes to the tax system
More informationINTRODUCTION THE GOVERNMENT S SOURCES OF REVENUE
C HAPTER OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION The central political issue for many years has been how to pay for policies that most people support. A budget is a policy document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits
More informationChapter 12 Government and Fiscal Policy
[2] Alan Greenspan, New challenges for monetary policy, speech delivered before a symposium sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, on August 27, 1999. Mr. Greenspan
More informationGeneral Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2010
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2010 Economics ECON4 Unit 4 The National and International Economy Tuesday 2 February 2010 1.30 pm to 3.30 pm For this paper you must
More informationCONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO. The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2013 to 2023 Percentage of GDP 120 100 Actual Projected 80 60 40 20 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965
More informationLong Run vs. Short Run
Long Run vs. Short Run Long Run: A period long enough for nominal wages and other input prices to change in response to a change in the nation s price level. The Basic Model of Economic Fluctuations Two
More informationEcon 102 Exam 2 Name ID Section Number
Econ 102 Exam 2 Name ID Section Number 1. Suppose investment spending increases by $50 billion and as a result the equilibrium income increases by $200 billion. The investment multiplier is: A) 10. B)
More informationECON 1102: MACROECONOMICS 1 Chapter 1: Measuring Macroeconomic Performance, Output and Prices
ECON 1102: MACROECONOMICS 1 Chapter 1: Measuring Macroeconomic Performance, Output and Prices 1.1 Measuring Macroeconomic Performance 1. Rising Living Standards Economic growth is the tendency for output
More informationChapter 25 Fiscal Policy Principles of Economics in Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 25 Fiscal Policy Principles of Economics in Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter introduces you to a formal analysis of fiscal policy, and puts it in context with real-world
More informationUGBA 101B Macroeconomic Analysis Professor Steven Wood. Exam #2 ANSWERS
Name: SID : UGBA 101B Macroeconomic Analysis Professor Steven Wood Summer 2008 Exam #2 ANSWERS Please sign the following oath: The answers on this test are entirely my own work. I neither gave nor received
More informationAP Gov Chapter 17 Outline
A major economic policy issue is how to maintain stable economic growth without falling into either excessive unemployment or inflation (rising prices). Key concept: Inflation, a sustained rise in the
More informationDr. Barry Haworth University of Louisville Department of Economics Economics 202. Midterm #2
Dr. Barry Haworth University of Louisville Department of Economics Economics 202 Midterm #2 Part 1. Multiple Choice Questions (2 points each question) 1. According to how economists define investment,
More informationThe aggregate supply curve shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output in the economy.
Chapter 32 The aggregate supply curve shows the relationship between the aggregate price level and the quantity of aggregate output in the economy. GDP Deflator can be used as a measure of the price level
More informationIn fiscal year 2016, for the first time since 2009, the
Summary In fiscal year 216, for the first time since 29, the federal budget deficit increased in relation to the nation s economic output. The Congressional Budget Office projects that over the next decade,
More informationPart IV: The Keynesian Revolution:
1 Part IV: The Keynesian Revolution: 1945-1970 Objectives for Chapter 13: Basic Keynesian Economics At the end of Chapter 13, you will be able to answer the following: 1. According to Keynes, consumption
More informationThe Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit
Order Code RL31235 The Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit Updated January 24, 2007 Brian W. Cashell Specialist in Quantitative Economics Government and Finance Division The Economics of the Federal
More informationECO102. Macroeconomics Lecture 5
ECO102 Macroeconomics Lecture 5 ECO201 Macroeconomics Chapter 24: The Government and Fiscal Policy ECO102 Macroeconomics The Government and Fiscal Policy Government in the Economy!! Government Purchases
More informationFinal Exam: 14 Dec 2004 Econ 200 David Reiley
Your Name: Final Exam: 14 Dec 2004 Econ 200 David Reiley You have 120 minutes to take this exam. There are a total of 100 points possible, on 5 multiple-choice questions, and 2 multi-part essay questions.
More informationSocial Security and the Aging of America
Social Security and the Aging of America 1 Richard Jackson President Global Aging Institute CCA Webinar January 11, 2017 Social Security consists of two separate programs: Old-age and Survivors Insurance
More informationChapter 11 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt
Chapter Overview Chapter 11 Fiscal Policy, Deficits, and Debt This chapter explores the tools of government stabilization policy in terms of the aggregate demandaggregate (AD-AS) model. Next, fiscal policy
More informationECON2010 test 2 study guide
ECON2010 test 2 study guide 1) In a closed economy public saving plus private saving is equal to a The budget deficit b The budget surplus c Taxes minus transfers d Investment 2) Which of the following
More informationDEFICITS AND DEBT Macroeconomics in Context (Goodwin, et al.)
Chapter 16 DEFICITS AND DEBT Macroeconomics in Context (Goodwin, et al.) Chapter Overview This chapter expands on the material from Chapter 10, from a less theoretical and more applied perspective. It
More informationThe Congressional Budget Office s 2012 Long-Term Budget Outlook: An Analysis
The Congressional Budget Office s 2012 Long-Term Budget Outlook: An Analysis Jun 06, 2012 The Congressional Budget Office s (CBO) new update of its long-term fiscal outlook highlights the continued long-term
More informationName: Days/Times Class Meets: Today s Date:
Name: _ Days/Times Class Meets: Today s Date: Macroeconomics, Spring 2008 Exam 3, TTh classes, various versions Read these Instructions carefully! You must follow them exactly! I) On your Scantron card
More information