Target 2a: Ensure that, by 2015, all children will be able to complete primary schooling

Transcription

1 UNICEF/GIACOMO PIROZZI Target a: Esure that, by 015, all childre will be able to complete primary schoolig Adjusted et erolmet ratio i primary educatio, 1998/99 ad 007/08 (percet) Developed regios Developig regios SOURCE: UN (010). u 8 millio more childre are able to atted school sice But 75 millio still miss out (34 millio boys ad 41 millio girls). u About 150 millio childre ages 5 14 are egaged i child labour. 1 The highest icidece of child labour is i agriculture (60%). Notes 1. UNICEF calls o govermets, doors ad the private sector to ed child labour, Uited Natios Childre s Fud, Miistry of Social Affairs ad Employmet of the Netherlads (010). M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N

2 ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION MDG THE PRESENT SITUATION Private educatio has expaded dramatically over the last two decades i both high-icome ad low-icome commuities. Global erolmet i private primary schools grew by 58% betwee 1991 ad 004, that i public primary schools by just 10%. 44 Some Africa ad South Asia coutries, where demad for schools exceeds supply ad where public fuds are limited, have experieced growth i the umber of private low-cost schools, mostly at the secodary level. I some poor urba ad peri-urba areas of Idia ad sub-sahara Africa, most school-childre are i private schools. I Hyderabad, Idia, 65% of schools are private, ad more tha half of those are uregistered. I Lagos State, Nigeria, 75% of school-childre are i private schools. For these istaces, icludig erolmet i private uregistered schools i govermet statistics would reduce the percetage of out-of-school childre from 50 to 6. Most lowbudget private schools are ru by local etrepreeurs ad employ local teachers. 45 Evidece from aroud the world shows a positive correlatio betwee private educatio ad educatio quality, suggestig that the private sector ca deliver high-quality educatio at low cost. 46 Attempts to certify goods, such as chocolate, as child-labour-free have struggled for credibility. Maufacturers i developig coutries ofte sub-cotract labouritesive segmets of productio to back-street producers. Oe of the few successful certificatio schemes is GoodWeave, which protects the carpet idustry. Its sposor, RugMark Iteratioal, claims that i South Asia more tha half a millio weavig jobs previously held by childre have bee replaced with adult labour. 47 Part of RugMark s reveues are ivested to fiace social ad rehabilitatio programmes for former child workers ad childre of carpet-weavers. So far more tha 4 millio carpets with the RugMark label have bee sold i Europe ad North America. 48 What are the challeges? Natioal policies ofte create hurdles for busiesses seekig to provide educatio: registratio criteria are uclear, processes time-cosumig. 49 Market iformatio about educatio demad is limited. Data ofte lack basic iformatio, such as the umber of childre attedig school; the characteristics of those ot i school; the amouts of educatio materials ad their use; ad what is beig leared. 50 Elimiatio of child labour requires the developmet ad eforcemet of appropriate legislatio as well as collaboratios betwee the private sector, govermets ad civil-society orgaizatios. Moitorig ad eforcig ati-child-labour laws i the supply chai ca be difficult especially because much child labour is at the lower ed of the supply chai, i small workshops or i home-based work. MANUEL SARDA/UNDP M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N 3

3 THE PROMISE OF INCLUSIVE BUSINESS MODELS MNCs ca, for example: Fight child labour i their supply chai for example, by requirig suppliers to adhere to a code of coduct ad submit relevat certificatio. Desig ad market products ad services that are adapted to lowicome markets ad that cotribute to childre s educatio; examples iclude learig materials, access to ICT ad lightig to help childre study after dark. UNICEF/NYHQ /JOSH ESTEY Large domestic compaies ca, for example: Work with their local commuities to eradicate child labour. Promote primary educatio erolmet for their employees childre ad facilitate access to schools for them. Advocate with govermet for uiversal primary educatio ad quality schoolig. AEIOTU SMEs ca, for example: Provide affordable, high-quality educatio by ruig schools i slums ad rural areas. Sell lightig solutios, learig materials ad ICT-based educatio solutios to low-icome families. Avoid child labour. Support employees i sedig their childre to schools. SELCO SOLAR PVT. LTD. NPOs ca, for example: Create icome opportuities for etrepreeurs by implemetig iovative busiess models aroud schoolig, such as microfrachise solutios. Create ad distribute learig-orieted products ad services. Offer cosultig services to compaies to help them tackle child labour holistically. OPPORTUNITY INTERNATIONAL 4 M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N

4 C A S E S T U DY IKEA MNC I the mid-1990s IKEA became aware of widespread child labour i South Asia, facig accusatios agaist its ow supply chai. To help with the global issue IKEA established a code of coduct statig that all suppliers shall recogize the UN Covetio o the Rights of the Child, comply with all relevat atioal ad iteratioal laws ad take all appropriate measures to esure that o child labour occurs at the suppliers ad their sub-cotractors places of productio. 51 I 005, i partership with the Uited Natios Childre s Fud (UNICEF) ad Save the Childre, IKEA lauched its Social Iitiative to support projects that beefit a estimated 100 millio childre. As part of the iitiative IKEA created a especially sturdy SUNNAN lamp desiged to resist the wear ad tear of difficult livig coditios icludig, for example, a battery capable of withstadig high temperatures ad humidity givig childre without electricity the power to read, write or draw after suset. MDG C A S E S T U DY Carulla Foudatio Large domestic compay, Colombia Carulla Foudatio was fouded by José Carulla Soler, the ower of the Carulla chai of departmet stores, i 196. For 47 years the foudatio provided scholarships to thousads of low-icome employees of the compay. I 008, due to fidigs about the importace of the first years of life, the foudatio decided to focus o promotig early childhood educatio i Colombia through its iitiative AeioTu. AieoTu offers high-ed educatio services through direct cotractig with the govermet. I additio, the Carulla Foudatio provides 30% of the cetres resources. The remaiig costs are covered by cross-subsidizatio: oe high-icome child fiaces the educatio of two low-icome childre. Now servig 700 low-icome childre across four cetres, AeioTu evisios replicatig its model by developig self-sustaiable frachise cetres. 5 C A S E S T U DY SELCO Idia SME, Idia SELCO Idia is a Bagalore-based eterprise fouded i 1995 that provides solar lightig to 4,000 istitutios (such as orphaages, cliics, semiaries ad schools) ad to more tha 110,000 rural homes i the state of Karataka ad elsewhere. To eable customers to meet the up-frot cost, SELCO obtaied loas from state-owed rural baks. A customer survey foud that the lamps eabled childre to study after suset somethig hardly possible with dim kerosee lamps ad that this, i tur, reduced the opportuity cost of studyig for the whole family by freeig childre to help durig daylight hours. Today SELCO has istalled more tha 95,000 solar-pael systems, with more tha 400,000 people beefitig directly. 53 C A S E S T U DY Opportuity Iteratioal NPO, Ghaa I 007 Opportuity Iteratioal, a iteratioal ot-for-profit micro-fiace istitutio, lauched its Microschools of Opportuity program. It provides loas to teachers who ope schools i poor eighbourhoods where childre, especially girls, would otherwise lack educatio. Microschools are schools fiaced through micro-credit; the average such school i Ghaa erols about 00 studets. By July 008 they operated i 50 eighbourhoods ad tows i Ghaa ad 9 locatios i Malawi. The goal was to expad the pilot to Asia ad to several other coutries i Africa. 54 M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N 5

5 THE SUPPORTING ROLES OF INSTITUTIONS Policy Private providers ca icrease access to schoolig for childre from low-icome families. But regulatio ad eforcemet are cetral to maitai high stadards. These stadards iclude clear, objective, streamlied criteria ad processes for establishig, operatig ad moitorig private educatio istitutios. 55 Policy ca also promote demad for example, through fiacial support for parets ad ca ecourage ivestmet. Nepal s Welcome to School Iitiative provides scholarships to girls ad first-time learers. Combied with teacher traiig, awareess-raisig about educatio ad its importace, the developmet of tools to boost educatio quality ad the ecouragemet of erolmet amog outof-school childre, the iitiative helped spur expoetial growth i primary erolmet. A additioal 473,000 childre erolled aually, more tha half of them girls. 56 Brazil s Bolsa Familia trasfers moey to poor families o two coditios: all a household s childre betwee 6 ad 17 must be erolled i school, ad those childre must atted at least 85% of their classes each moth. The programme prefers to make the mothly trasfers, ragig from $1 to $95 per family, to female heads of households. By October 009 cash trasfers had bee made to 1.5 millio families uder the programme, coverig 5 millio people 100 percet of the estimated poor people i Brazil. Evidece shows that Bolsa Familia ad its predecessor, Bolsa Escola, promote erolmet amog the poor; Bolsa Escola was foud to reduce drop-out rates by 7.8%. 57 Similar programmes exist i dozes of coutries across Lati America, Africa ad Asia. Policy provides the legal framework for fightig child labour, givig busiesses a clear madate to act ad helpig them to avoid competitive pressures. The 1999 ILO Covetio of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (WFCL) is the most widely ratified iteratioal labour covetio, ratified by 171 states. PETER BRUYNEEL/UNDP 6 M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N

6 UN PHOTO/JEAN PIERRE LAFFONT Research ad advocacy Kowledge about iclusive educatio with a special view to margialized groups must be the basis for both private ad public school services. The Uited Natios Educatioal, Scietific ad Cultural Orgaizatio s (UNESCO) SchoolNet Toolkit is desiged to help educatio plaers ad practitioers itegrate ICT ito educatio systems. 58 Ivestmets i educatio services eed to be guided by iformatio about demad ad fiacial sustaiability. The Africa Private Schools Ivestmet Idex raks 36 Africa atios by attractiveess for private ivestmet i educatio, usig six categories ad 39 idicators. 59 Elimiatig child labour is difficult; effective, evidece-based itervetios are ecessary. The Iteratioal Labour Orgaizatio's (ILO) Iteratioal Programme o the Elimiatio of Child Labour (IPEC) developed Child Labour Moitorig (CLM), which has evolved ito idustry-based ad regio-based Child Labour Moitorig Systems (CLMS). The systems idetify childre i the workplace, ote the hazards they face, ad verify that they have bee removed ad that the childre are i school or some suitable alterative. They are based o a learig approach: experieces from CLMS geerate feedback to improve the model. 60 M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N 7

7 JORGEN SCHYTTE/UNDP Fiacig Schools ad other educatio services are lowerig school fees through specialized fiacig optios that, for example, allow for loger repaymet schedules ad affordable iterest rates. Oriet Global, a Sigapore-based private ivestmet istitutio, is maagig a $100 millio educatio fud ivestig i private-educatio vetures i developig coutries. 61 IFC Africa Schools Program ecourages local baks to fiace private istitutios for duratios that are suitable to capital ivestmets i educatio. The programme cosists of $50 millio of risk-participatio facilities for educatio sector loas ad a $5 millio advisory-services program. 6 Educatio for All (EFA) is a multi-door trust fud providig quality uiversal educatio. I Haiti the fud works through the Haitia Miistry of Educatio to subsidize early 100,000 poor childre i 1,000 accredited private schools. 63 The World Bak s Haiti Educatio for All Adaptable Program Grat gives the maagemet committees of eligible private schools a $90 subsidy per studet, so that poor studets ot i school ca atted o-public primary schools for free M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N

8 Capabilities Busiesses ca draw o support from specialized parters to eradicate child labour from their operatios ad istitute child-friedly policies. The ABRINQ Foudatio for Childre s Rights fuds activities i seve actio areas with fiacial support from over 3,000 compaies throughout Brazil. Its Child-Friedly Compay Program (CFCP) is a sociallabellig iitiative. To qualify for the label, Brazilia compaies must formally commit to a code of coduct requirig activities such as promotig ateatal care ad schoolig. The foudatio helps these compaies elimiate child labour i the workplace ad i the supply chai. 65 The Child Labour Free Certificatio Iitiative, created by Sectio 305 of the Uited States Food ad Eergy Security Act, is directed to develop a volutary, third-party certificatio effort to reduce the likelihood that products produced with forced labour or child labour are imported ito the Uited States, as directed i the Traffickig Victims Protectio Act of 005. The certificatio will drive dow demad for child-labour-made goods by providig willig cosumers ad busiesses, as well as the US govermet, with full iformatio about which products ad compaies make efforts to avoid usig ad profitig from child labour. 66 UNICEF works with corporate parters, such as IKEA, to help the parters elimiate child labour from their supply chais while at the same time creatig opportuities for childre ad their families. 67 MUZAMMIL PASHA/UNDP M D G : A C H I E V E U N I V E R S A L P R I M A R Y E D U C AT I O N 9