Innovations and Emerging Practices in Local Government 2016 Survey Summary Report of Results

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1 Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Summary Report of Results Itroductio The Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey is part of a ogoig research partership betwee the Iteratioal City/Couty Maagemet Associatio, the Ceter for Urba Iovatio at Arizoa State Uiversity, ad the Alliace for Iovatio. This survey explores various topics related to public sector iovatio as well as ewly emergig issues ad practices affectig local govermet maagemet. Specific topics addressed i the survey iclude iovatio ad chage i local govermet, performace data aalytics, public egagemet, regulatio of the sharig ecoomy (i.e., Uber, AirBB, etc.), ad ifrastructure fiacig. The survey was lauched i April 2016 via postal mail to a sample of 5,450 U.S. local govermets, ad a optio for olie submissio was also made available. The survey sample icluded all local govermets with a populatio of 250,000 or greater, ad oe i three local govermets selected at radom from commuities with populatios less tha 250,000. Resposes were received from 599 of the govermets surveyed, yieldig a respose rate of 11.0% ad a overall margi of error of +/- 3.9%. Survey Highlights Iovatio ad Chage Most survey respodets agree or strogly agree that their orgaizatios respod both quickly ad effectively to exteral chages, though effectiveess of respodig to chage (74.3%) was rated higher tha quickess of respodig to chage (61.3%). The orgaizatio geerally respods effectively to exteral chages. The orgaizatio geerally respods quickly to exteral chages. Respodig to chage 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Strogly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strogly disagree The results highlight the extet to which local govermet orgaizatios are egagig i ew iovative ad emergig practices. Almost oe i three of all cities ad couties are implemetig sigificat chages to their orgaizatios each year. Sigificat chages i the orgaizatio over the last year No, 69.1% Yes, 30.9% Oe, 22.9% Two, 6.3% Three+, 1.7% Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 1 of 10

2 Potetial for budget savigs was idetified by survey respodets as the most sigificat factor motivatig the implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives i their local govermet, with 92.9% of respodets idetifyig this as either a sigificat or very sigificat factor. This was followed by the potetial for icreased customer satisfactio (87.6%) ad the potetial for icreased productivity (84.2%). Top 5 factors motivatig implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives Potetial for budget savigs Potetial for icreased customer satisfactio Potetial for icreased productivity Pressure from elected officials Pressure from residets/customers 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very sigificat Sigificat Limited sigificace Not sigificat The most sigificat barrier to the implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives was the availability of fudig, with 84.7% of respodets idetifyig this as either a sigificat or very sigificat factor. State or federal policies or regulatios (57.1%) ad lack of iformatio (45.6%) were also amog the most sigificat barriers idetified by respodets. Top 5 factors hiderig implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives Availability of fudig State or federal policies or regulatios Lack of iformatio o how to proceed Curret orgaizatioal culture Lack of iteral expertise 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very sigificat Sigificat Limited sigificace Not sigificat Performace Data Aalytics More tha half of respodig govermets (59.0%) reported that they do ot curretly collect performace data to assess the quality of service provisio. The most commoly cited reasos for ot collectig performace data icluded lack of staff capacity to collect data (38.6%), lack of staff capacity to aalyze data (29.6%), ad the goverig body ot requestig performace data (28.9%). Top 5 reasos for ot collectig performace data The orgaizatio lacks the staff capacity to collect this data 38.6% The orgaizatio lacks the staff capacity to aalyze the data The goverig body has ot requested this data 29.6% 28.9% The orgaizatio lacks the techological capacity to collect the data 25.3% We are ot sure the data would be of value 17.1% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 2 of 10

3 The most commo source of performace data reported by survey respodets was operatig data recorded by departmet staff (75.9%). Customer satisfactio surveys (50.8%) ad iformatio provided by regioal orgaizatios (43.1%) were also amog the most commoly reported sources of local govermet performace data. Top 5 sources of iformatio used to collect performace data Operatig data recorded by departmet staff 75.9% Customer satisfactio surveys 50.8% Data provided by regioal orgaizatios 43.1% Data made publicly available by atioal orgaizatios Service request maagemet system 33.9% 33.3% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% Public Egagemet Most survey respodets (53.1%) reported low levels of citize participatio i the local govermet s egagemet iitiatives or efforts. Level of citize participatio i egagemet efforts/iitiatives High 8.5% Low 53.1% Medium 38.5% Tow hall meetigs were the citize egagemet tool most commoly idetified as beig successful i meetig participatio goals, with 71.7% of respodets ratig this tool as beig successful or very successful. Strategic plaig meetigs (64.7%) ad social media (64.4%) were also idetified amog the most successful citize egagemet tools. Tow hall meetigs Strategic plaig meetigs Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) City-appoited committee assigmets Citize survey Top 5 most successful citize egagemet tools 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Very successful Somewhat successful Somewhat usuccessful Very usuccessful Do't kow Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 3 of 10

4 Regulatio of the Sharig Ecoomy The vast majority of respodig govermets (95.7%) do ot have legislatio i place regulatig the sharig ecoomy (i.e., Uber, AirBB, etc.), but 11.5% of respodets reported that they are curretly pursuig such legislatio. Ifrastructure Fiacig Legislatio i place regulatig the sharig ecoomy Yes, legislatio i place 4.4% No, but pursuig No, ad ot 11.5% pursuig 84.2% More tha oe i five respodig local govermets (20.9%) do ot have the capacity withi applicable debt caps to issue ew debt i order to fiace ifrastructure improvemets. Fiacial capacity to issue ew debt No 20.9% Yes 79.1% Aside from traditioal ifrastructure fiacig mechaisms, such as geeral obligatio bods ad state/federal fudig, the most commoly reported ifrastructure fiacig tools already beig used icluded tax icremet fiacig (27.5%), developer fees ad exactio (24.6%), ad special districts (23.3%). Top 5 ifrastructure fiacig tools already beig used Tax icremet fiacig Developer fees ad exactio Special districts Public-private parterships State evirometal revolvig fuds (Clea Water ad Drikig Water) 24.6% 23.3% 23.1% 22.9% 27.5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Aside from traditioal ifrastructure fiacig mechaisms, the most commoly reported ifrastructure fiacig tools that respodets would be likely to use icluded private sector/foudatio grats (33.5%), state evirometal revolvig fuds (27.7%), ad joit developmet (26.2%). Top 5 ifrastructure fiacig tools likely to be used Private sector/foudatio grats State evirometal revolvig fuds (Clea Water ad Drikig Water) Joit developmet Public-private parterships Developer fees ad exactio 27.7% 26.2% 26.0% 24.2% 33.5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40%. Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 4 of 10

5 Summary of Survey Results Iovatio ad Chage 1. Please idicate the extet to which you agree or disagree with the followig statemets regardig your govermet s orgaizatio. Strogly Strogly Disagree Neutral Agree disagree agree a. The orgaizatio geerally respods quickly to exteral chages % 13.7% 22.0% 52.0% 9.3% b. The orgaizatio geerally respods effectively to exteral chages % 6.4% 17.6% 63.6% 10.7% c. Iformatio o successful ew practices is easily shared withi the orgaizatio % 9.2% 21.8% 55.8% 11.7% d. The orgaizatio regularly obtais iformatio o successful ew practices from other local govermets % 9.5% 25.6% 53.3% 10.5% e. The orgaizatio regularly shares iformatio o successful ew practices with other local govermets % 10.9% 29.4% 48.5% 9.2% 2. Have there bee ay chages to your govermet s orgaizatioal structure over the last year (i.e., creatio/dissolutio of a ew departmet or office, cosolidatio of two or more departmets, etc.)? = % No 30.9% Yes, please describe 3. How sigificat is each of the followig factors i motivatig the implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives i your govermet? Not Limited Very Sigificat sigificat sigificace sigificat a. Potetial for budget savigs % 5.7% 46.8% 46.1% b. Potetial for icreased productivity % 13.4% 52.8% 31.4% c. Potetial for icreased customer satisfactio % 10.5% 50.3% 37.3% d. Pressure from residets/customers % 29.9% 48.9% 16.8% e. Pressure from busiesses/idustry % 38.9% 40.3% 11.7% f. Pressure from employees or uios % 39.8% 36.6% 6.3% g. Pressure from elected officials % 23.9% 44.7% 25.5% h. Other % 20.5% 15.9% 19.3% 4. How sigificat is each of the followig factors i hiderig the implemetatio of ew practices or iitiatives i your govermet? Not Limited Very Sigificat sigificat sigificace sigificat a. Availability of fudig % 12.1% 37.0% 47.7% b. Lack of iformatio o how to proceed % 45.1% 33.8% 11.8% c. Curret orgaizatioal structure % 48.6% 25.3% 8.0% d. Curret orgaizatioal culture % 42.9% 29.6% 11.2% e. Resistace from employees or uios % 44.5% 25.0% 5.3% f. State or federal policies or regulatios % 34.6% 39.4% 17.7% g. Lack of iteral expertise % 44.0% 32.5% 8.1% h. Challeges coordiatig across agecies/departmets % 45.4% 28.3% 6.3% i. Lack of public iterest % 49.7% 23.5% 6.1% j. Oppositio from elected officials % 42.9% 26.4% 12.1% k. Other % 18.6% 16.3% 7.0% 5. Please describe ay ew process, service delivery arragemet, or other iovatio that the orgaizatio has udertake i the past three years. If multiple iitiatives have bee implemeted by your orgaizatio i the past three years, please describe the iitiative that you would idetify as the most sigificat. See full dataset for ope-eded resposes 6. Please describe a ew process, service delivery arragemet, or other iovatio udertake by your orgaizatio i the past three years that you feel was ot successful. Please also describe the factors that you would idetify as the major cotributors to this outcome. See full dataset for ope-eded resposes Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 5 of 10

6 7. Specifically cosiderig each of the areas idetified i the colums below, how do executives i your govermet lear about successful ew practices or iitiatives for potetial implemetatio? (Check all that apply.) Regulatio of Performace Public the sharig Ifrastructure data aalytics egagemet ecoomy (i.e., fiacig Uber, AirBB) Iitiative described i questio 5 a. Iteral staff expertise % 68.4% 18.7% 45.7% 30.0% b. Exteral cosultats % 45.5% 17.7% 48.8% 18.9% c. Iformatio exchage with other local govermets % 67.9% 30.9% 36.0% 21.8% d. State govermet % 40.3% 29.7% 40.9% 8.9% e. Federal govermet % 39.6% 27.3% 33.1% 4.4% f. Iteratioal examples % 50.6% 20.5% 6.4% 5.8% g. Professioal associatios % 71.7% 36.4% 39.6% 12.5% h. Academic publicatios % 58.8% 23.6% 18.7% 6.7% i. News media % 74.7% 33.0% 10.6% 4.8% j. Cofereces ad webiars % 68.1% 31.1% 39.5% 14.1% k. Other % 26.9% 30.8% 19.2% 26.9% 8. Specifically cosiderig each of the areas idetified i the colums below, how do executives i your orgaizatio share iformatio o successful ew practices or iitiatives? (Check all that apply.) Regulatio of Iitiative Performace Public the sharig Ifrastructure described i data aalytics egagemet ecoomy (i.e., fiacig questio 5 Uber, AirBB) a. Public meetigs % 90.2% 14.6% 38.8% 23.3% b. Press releases % 84.7% 11.0% 25.5% 19.4% c. Website % 86.1% 11.1% 28.0% 21.4% d. Prited publicatios % 78.5% 9.9% 21.8% 16.1% e. Presetatios at cofereces ad evets % 69.5% 12.8% 24.9% 17.0% f. Professioal associatios % 65.7% 17.7% 27.8% 16.2% g. Iformatio exchage with other local govermets % 71.1% 22.0% 31.0% 19.6% h. Social media % 88.6% 10.3% 16.4% 18.1% i. Other % 59.1% 4.5% 13.6% 22.7% Performace Data Aalytics 9. Does your local govermet collect performace data to help assess the quality of service provisio? = % Yes [Go to Questio 11.] 59.0% No 10. If o, why ot? (Check all that apply.) = % a. The goverig body has ot requested this data 38.6% b. The orgaizatio lacks the staff capacity to collect this data 25.3% c. The orgaizatio lacks the techological capacity to collect the data 29.6% d. The orgaizatio lacks the staff capacity to aalyze the data 6.3% e. Our local media are likely to iterpret the data egatively 17.1% f. We are ot sure the data would be of value 5.6% g. Other, please specify 11. Which of the followig sources of iformatio are used to collect performace data i your govermet? (Check all that apply.) = % a. 311 or customer call ceter records 75.9% g. Operatig data recorded by departmet staff 33.3% b. Service request maagemet system 12.2% h. Iformatio captured through smart phoe 50.8% c. Customer satisfactio surveys applicatios 33.9% d. Data made publicly available by atioal 18.8% i. Iformatio captured digitally through smart orgaizatios techology applicatios (smart meters, smart 43.1% e. Data provided by regioal orgaizatios street lights, etc.) 11.6% f. Data purchased from private etities 2.1% j. Other, please specify Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 6 of 10

7 12. Please idicate the extet to which performace data is used for each of the followig purposes i your orgaizatio. Not used Used very Used Used little moderately cosiderably Do t kow a. Iformig elected officials % 11.9% 36.2% 33.7% 4.2% b. Iformig the public % 15.8% 39.0% 26.9% 3.8% c. Justifyig ad formulatig budget requests % 8.5% 33.8% 40.8% 4.0% d. Idetifyig areas for ivestigatio to fix performace problems % 13.2% 34.7% 28.9% 5.4% e. Motivatig persoel to cotiue program improvemets % 18.2% 34.1% 22.0% 6.0% f. Moitorig performace of cotractors % 20.6% 28.5% 19.8% 6.8% g. Supportig strategic, log-term plaig efforts % 18.0% 29.8% 30.4% 6.0% h. Buildig public trust % 17.9% 35.7% 24.7% 5.4% i. Providig better services more efficietly % 12.0% 33.5% 34.9% 4.6% Public Egagemet 13. Please idicate the extet to which you agree or disagree with the followig statemets as they pertai to your local govermet. Strogly Strogly Disagree Neutral Agree disagree agree a. Attetio is primarily focused o the miimum legal requiremets for public egagemet, icludig public commet periods ad hearigs % 32.6% 23.2% 26.7% 4.6% b. There are few public egagemet practices beyod miimum requiremets, ad they vary by departmet % 36.6% 22.5% 27.3% 3.7% c. There are expectatios that more extesive ad deliberative public egagemet beyod miimum requiremets will be used for local % 10.4% 31.7% 44.2% 11.3% decisio-makig, (e.g., budgetig ad geeral plas). d. There is a adopted set of priciples that geerally defie ad ecourage the use of effective ad iclusive public egagemet whe/as % 17.1% 34.0% 39.0% 6.7% appropriate. e. Parterships are developed with eighborhood ad commuity orgaizatios to ivolve the public i appropriate public egagemet % 10.6% 31.8% 43.1% 11.7% activities over time. f. There is a established ad ogoig body, process, or protocol that provides commuity represetatives with iput ito the directio, operatio, ad adaptatio of a public egagemet pla or set of practices % 19.4% 35.8% 31.5% 8.2% 14. How importat to your local govermet are the followig goals of public participatio? (If your local govermet does ot have a particular goal, check Not applicable ) Not at all Slightly Moderately Highly Not Importat importat importat importat importat applicable a. Provide the public with objective iformatio to assist them i uderstadig problems/solutios/alteratives % 3.9% 10.8% 39.4% 35.6% 9.5% b. Obtai feedback from the public o aalyses of problems/solutios/alteratives % 6.7% 20.6% 37.3% 22.8% 11.2% c. Work directly with the public to esure that their cocers ad aspiratios are cosistetly uderstood ad % 3.2% 17.5% 39.7% 29.7% 9.1% cosidered. d. Parter with the public i developmet of alteratives, idetificatio of the preferred solutio, ad decisio % 9.7% 21.7% 37.3% 18.9% 10.9% makig. e. Place decisio makig i the hads of the public % 23.3% 20.0% 14.9% 4.3% 23.1% f. Hear iput/ideas from a broad cross-sectio of residets % 5.8% 15.5% 34.4% 33.5% 9.7% Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 7 of 10

8 15. Please rate the extet to which each of the followig citize egagemet tools is used i your jurisdictio. Never Rarely Moderately Regularly Frequetly Do t kow a. Tow hall meetigs % 17.3% 24.7% 29.1% 19.2% 2.0% b. Participatory budgetig % 28.8% 19.1% 24.9% 7.3% 2.8% c. Participatory desig % 27.1% 23.5% 14.7% 3.2% 7.3% d. 311 phoe system % 7.8% 5.1% 3.8% 2.1% 15.0% e. Neighborhood associatio otificatio of lad use chages i their area % 13.5% 16.2% 23.5% 12.2% 8.5% f. Neighborhood associatio decisio cotrol over some budget amout % 18.5% 9.4% 4.3% 0.8% 9.6% g. Citize code eforcemet deputies % 10.2% 7.7% 11.1% 3.0% 8.1% h. Strategic plaig meetigs % 22.6% 33.7% 21.8% 7.7% 2.4% i. Citize survey % 32.9% 27.3% 12.1% 6.7% 3.4% j. Refereda, iitiatives, recalls % 38.6% 10.5% 5.8% 1.7% 7.9% k. City-appoited committee assigmets % 16.2% 21.4% 26.5% 19.0% 3.9% l. Citize review board % 21.8% 15.2% 11.4% 4.3% 6.8% m. Citize academies % 18.1% 10.0% 11.3% 4.3% 8.5%. Neighborhood associatio cotrol over zoig chages % 15.6% 11.3% 5.8% 1.7% 6.4% o. Olie egagemet platforms (Peak Democracy, Budget Allocator, etc.) % 14.3% 8.5% 6.2% 2.5% 9.6% p. Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) % 10.7% 18.4% 24.6% 22.9% 4.3% 16. Please rate how successful each of these tools has bee at meetig your jurisdictio s participatio goals. Very Somewhat Somewhat Very Do t usuccessful usuccessful successful successful kow a. Tow hall meetigs % 11.5% 47.4% 24.3% 11.3% b. Participatory budgetig % 15.2% 30.6% 15.6% 30.0% c. Participatory desig % 13.2% 27.8% 12.0% 38.8% d. 311 phoe system % 4.2% 6.7% 4.0% 74.2% e. Neighborhood associatio otificatio of lad use chages i their area % 7.2% 30.1% 14.9% 41.2% f. Neighborhood associatio decisio cotrol over some budget amout % 6.3% 12.0% 4.4% 68.5% g. Citize code eforcemet deputies % 5.8% 17.3% 6.7% 60.5% h. Strategic plaig meetigs % 9.1% 47.4% 17.3% 21.2% i. Citize survey % 10.5% 37.4% 20.9% 25.1% j. Refereda, iitiatives, recalls % 9.0% 17.7% 7.5% 56.0% k. City-appoited committee assigmets % 9.7% 36.9% 24.1% 24.7% l. Citize review board % 7.3% 22.4% 9.9% 52.8% m. Citize academies % 8.5% 11.2% 14.3% 57.6%. Neighborhood associatio cotrol over zoig chages % 5.8% 15.6% 3.0% 66.7% o. Olie egagemet platforms (Peak Democracy, Budget Allocator, etc.) % 5.7% 13.0% 3.6% 68.6% p. Social media (Facebook, Twitter, etc.) % 6.3% 40.9% 23.5% 24.7% 17. How would you characterize the level of citize participatio i your local govermet s egagemet efforts/iitiatives? = % a. Low: small umber of regular participats 38.5% b. Medium: some represetatio across differet parts of the commuity depedig o the issue 8.5% c. High: regular represetative group of commuity members o issues of importace Regulatio of the Sharig Ecoomy Recet years have see a rise i the use of sharig ecoomy platforms related to a array of service areas, such as ride sharig (e.g. Uber ad Lyft) ad private residece retals (e.g. AirBB). 18. Does your orgaizatio have or are you curretly pursuig ew legislatio specifically focused o regulatig users, private providers, or corporate etities i the sharig ecoomy? = % Yes, legislatio i place 11.5% No, but pursuig legislatio 84.2% No, ad ot pursuig legislatio Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 8 of 10

9 19. Have ay of the followig costituet groups i your jurisdictio bee active i advocatig for or agaist regulatio of the sharig ecoomy? Yes, advocates Yes, advocates No, ot active i favor of opposed to advocates regulatio regulatio Not sure Not applicable a. Idividual residets % 8.7% 5.0% 18.9% 24.9% b. Homeowers associatios % 6.0% 1.7% 18.3% 31.3% c. Idividual busiesses % 7.0% 4.3% 19.8% 26.3% d. Taxi idustry % 6.3% 0.9% 14.4% 38.6% e. Local tourism idustry % 8.1% 3.0% 16.5% 31.8% f. Labor uios or employee groups % 2.5% 0.8% 16.1% 34.9% g. Local oprofits or foudatios % 4.4% 1.3% 21.1% 28.1% h. Local colleges or uiversities % 1.5% 0.0% 17.3% 39.1% i. Other, please specify % 4.6% 0.8% 12.3% 60.8% Ifrastructure Fiacig 20. O a scale of 1 to 3, how would you rate the curret status of your jurisdictio s core ifrastructure assets (roads, bridges, sewer, sidewalks, etc.)? = % 1. The curret state of the jurisdictio s ifrastructure eeds requires additioal local, state, ad/or federal fudig to sustai eve baselie maiteace. The commuity s eeds do ot match the curret ifrastructure stock. The curret state of local ifrastructure adversely affects the commuity s quality of life. 48.3% 2. Improvemets could be made to the curret ifrastructure ad additioal fudig is preferred, but the curret ifrastructure status does ot adversely affect the commuity s quality of life. 12.5% 3. The curret state of the jurisdictio s ifrastructure meets the commuity s eeds ad a adequate level of fudig is available to maitai ad developed the assets, as eeded. 21. Which of the followig optios best describes your govermet s ifrastructure fiacig strategies? (Select oe.) = % Predomiatly pay as you go (PAYGO) or cash 16.0% Predomiatly fiaced through debt 41.7% A balaced approach of PAYGO ad debt 4.4% Other, please specify 22. Does your govermet issue geeral obligatio (GO) bods? = % Yes 46.8% No 23. Does your govermet have the fiacial capacity (withi ay applicable debt caps) to issue additioal debt for ifrastructure improvemets, if eeded? = % Yes 20.9% No 24. I geeral, do you believe that your local govermet has the eeded level of support of residets to cosider issuig additioal muicipal debt, to address ifrastructure eeds? = % Yes 42.6% No 25. I geeral, do you believe that your local govermet s elected officials are ope to cosiderig issuig additioal muicipal debt, to address ifrastructure eeds? = % Yes 34.3% No Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 9 of 10

10 26. Aside from traditioal ifrastructure fiacig mechaisms (GO bods, state/federal fudig, geeral expeditures, etc.) cities/couties may have other available optios. Please idicate whether your local govermet has or, i the ext five years, will likely use ay of the followig optios for ifrastructure fiacig: Already use Likely to use Ulikely to use This optio is ot curretly available due to local restrictios This optio is ot curretly available due to state restrictios a. Public-private parterships % 26.0% 22.5% 1.5% 2.3% 24.6% b. Privatizatio of assets % 6.3% 59.0% 2.7% 2.5% 25.2% c. Private sector/foudatio ivestmets % 20.5% 41.0% 1.8% 2.2% 25.4% d. Private sector/foudatio grats % 33.5% 28.7% 1.0% 1.9% 19.8% e. Istitutioal ivestmet (from pesio, Do t kow % 5.5% 55.6% 2.5% 4.7% 29.4% isurace, ad other public/private fuds) f. Crowdfudig % 6.2% 51.9% 1.2% 2.7% 36.2% g. Social impact bods % 2.0% 52.8% 1.2% 2.7% 41.3% h. Gree bods % 4.7% 49.9% 1.6% 1.9% 41.4% i. Local ifrastructure-specific tax % 22.5% 34.0% 1.9% 2.9% 20.2% j. Developer fees ad exactio % 24.2% 27.1% 0.8% 2.3% 20.9% k. Tax icremet fiacig % 22.2% 27.8% 1.6% 3.1% 17.8% l. Special districts % 20.6% 32.2% 1.2% 1.6% 21.2% m. Joit developmet % 26.2% 30.7% 0.8% 1.8% 28.2%. Federal Trasportatio Ifrastructure Fiace ad Iovatio Act (TIFIA) loas % 12.4% 43.7% 1.4% 1.4% 38.2% o. State ifrastructure baks loas % 20.8% 35.8% 1.0% 3.3% 29.1% p. State evirometal revolvig fuds (Clea Water ad Drikig Water) % 27.7% 25.4% 0.8% 1.2% 22.1% q. GARVEE bods (Grat Aticipatio Reveue Vehicle Bods) % 5.1% 49.0% 1.2% 2.3% 41.8% r. Reveue bods % 21.8% 30.6% 0.8% 1.2% 23.2% s. Other, please specify % 13.6% 23.7% 1.7% 1.7% 40.7% For additioal iformatio about the Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey, please cotact ICMA Survey Research at surveyresearch@icma.org. Iovatios ad Emergig Practices i Local Govermet 2016 Survey Page 10 of 10