Chapter 10: Development

Transcription

1 Chapter 10: Development The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2 Development The process of improving the material conditions of people through the diffusion of knowledge and technology More developed countries (MDCs) aka developed countries Less developed countries (LDCs) aka emerging or developing or least developed or underdeveloped countries

3 Human Development Index

4 North-South Split MDCs clustered in the North LDCs clustered in the South

5 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

6 Indicators of development Human Development Index (HDI) 4 factors used to measure (UN) and other factors considered in differentiating between MDC/LDCs: Economic = (1) gross national income (GNI) per capita Other Social = Types of jobs, productivity, consumer goods (2) mean years of schooling and (3) expected years of schooling Other (health and welfare measures) Demographic (4) life expectancy

7 Gross National Income (GNI) total value of goods and services produced within a country during a year + foreign income payments to nonresidents. GNI per capita = Total GNI/population allows comparison of different sized populations & economies U.S. = $17 trillion/325 million people = GNI per capita = $52,000 China = $10 trillion/1.4 billion people = $7,200 Affected by inequality (see GINI coefficient)!!!! Much higher in MDCS (> $30,000) Lowest in some LDCs (< $4,000) Related to other measures like GDP and GNP

8 Per Capita GDP

9 Types of jobs (economic sectors) Primary sector raw materials/extraction Secondary sector - manufacturing Tertiary sector services Incl. sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment, restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law. Quaternary sector intellectual, data driven intellectual activities incl. govt., culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and info tech. Quinary sector highest levels of decision-making in a society or economy incl. the top executives or officials in such fields as govt., science, universities, nonprofit, healthcare, culture, and the media.

10 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

11 Primary decreasing in LDCs mechanization stable in MDCs can t go much lower 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

12 Secondary Has decreased sharply in MDCs De-industrializtion Lesser % of workforce in MDCS than in LDCs Lower wage areas (ex. China) now dominate manufacturing 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

13 Tertiary Large % in MDCs continues to grow. Growing but much smaller % in LDCs 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

14 Productivity Value of end-product compared to labor needed to make it MDCs are more productive than LDCs, Why? Mainly technology, but also skills and education Consumer goods especially considered are communication and transportation MDCs = Accessible to all, vital for functioning of economy LDCs = not unknown but don t play a vital role, more available/used in urban areas connected to the core.

15 Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons

16 Cell phones per 1,000 persons

17 Social indicators of development education and literacy education be careful how these stats are presented! student-teacher ratio higher in LDCs $/student teacher/student ratio in MDCs is higher higher in MDCS but % of GDP spent on education is higher in LDCs

18 Students Per Teacher, Primary School Figure 9-6

19 Social indicators of development Health and welfare diet (adequate calories = 2,350) access to health care social safety net programs

20 Caloric intake as % of requirements

21 Health expenditures as % of GDP 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

22 Physicians per 1,000 persons 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

23 Demographic indicators of development Life expectancy Babies born today MDCs = 70s, LDCs = 60s Other demographic indicators: All higher in LDCs, but decreasing Infant mortality = 6% (60) LDCs vs.5% (< 5) MDCs Crude birth rate = 23/1,000 LDCs vs 12/1,000 MDCs Natural increase = 1.5% LDCs vs 0.2% MDCs Except CDR (Crude death rate) More equal due to diffusion of modern medicine MDCs slightly higher around 10 (more elderly) LDCs around 8

24 Life expectancy (2009) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

25 Infant mortality rate 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

26 Natural Increase Rate 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

27 Crude Birth Rate 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

28 Progress Toward Development

29 How does Gender affect Development? From Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) Compares women s development with that of both sexes Criticized as too dependent on income Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) Current Compares the involvement of women in decision-making roles in politics and economics Gender Inequality Index (GII) based on three factors: Reproductive health Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) Adolescent Fertility Rate (AFR) Empowerment Share of parliamentary seats Labor market participation

30 Gender-Related Development Index (GDI)

31 Demographic Indicator of Gender Difference: Life Expectancy

32 Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)

33 Economic Indicator of Empowerment: Professionals

34 Lower GII = higher development. Why? It leads to smaller family sizes Women who have more educational and economic opportunity have less children Lower dependency ratio More economic investment GNI is higher women are included in the formal economy become major economic assets Pearson Education, Inc.